Administrative Region : Epirus
Regional unit : Preveza
Assos (Άσσος) Preveza
Assos[2] is a mountainous village and the seat of the homonymous local community, of the municipal unit of Thesprotiko. It belongs to the Municipality of Ziros (with the seat of the Municipality in Filippiada) of the regional unit of Preveza, which is located in the region of Epirus, according to the administrative division of Greece as formed with the Kallikrates program. During the administrative division of Greece with the "Kapodistrias" plan until 2010, Assos belonged to the local department of Assos, of the former Municipality of Thesprotiko, Prefecture of Preveza. It is located in the northern part of the regional unit of Preveza, in the northeastern foothills of the Thesprotic Mountains. Village population 170 (2011). Assos has an altitude of 426 meters above sea level at a latitude of 39.3439012306 degrees and a longitude of 20.7639467788 degrees. The inhabitants are engaged in raising small herd animals, agriculture, olive cultivation and olive oil production.
Local community
The local community of Assos is characterized as a rural mountainous settlement, with an area of 9,960 km² (2011). It also includes the settlement of Kerasovo.[3]
Population
Permanent [4][5][6]
Year Population
1991 236 (414)
2001 187 (392)
2011 170 (343)
Actual (de facto) [3][7][8]
Year Population
1961 405 (772)
1971 297 (550)
1981 339 (587)
1991 297 (503)
2001 273 (486)
2011 164 (342)
(in brackets the population of the local community)
Geography
Assos is built in the valley of Kato Lakka Souli, which includes the villages of Krania, Tyria, Rizovouni (Podogora), Galata (Boulimeti), Zervo, Papadates, Meliana, Nikolitsi, Elia (Dara), Platania, develops in the east of the Thesprotian Mountains - specifically in the foothills of the mountain range that bears the local name "Baldenesi" - in an area of 16,000 acres and borders to the east with the villages of Papadates and Meliana, to the south with the village of Nikolitsi, to the north with the villages of Derviziana and Polystafylo and to the west, on the ridge of the Thesprotian Mountains, with the village of Skiadas. It is crossed by the 10th provincial road of Thesprotiko - Derviziano and is 12 km from the towns of Thesprotiko and 26.5 km from Filippiada and 45 km from the cities of Preveza, 52 km from Ioannina, 40 km from Arta. and 400 km. from the capital of the country Athens. The community has two settlements, Assos (with an altitude of 426 m) and Kerasovo (with an altitude of 260 m), which correspond to the parishes of Agios Georgios and Agioi Konstantinos and Elenis respectively.
Name
According to one version, ancient Assos was built on the site of today's Assos, which was destroyed from its foundations by Aemilius Paulus in 167 BC along with seventy other Epirus cities. South of the village, remains of ancient buildings covering an area of approximately three acres have been identified and the settlement is mentioned by the Greek writer of the early Byzantine years Stefanos Byzantios and recently by the English historian, archaeologist and Hellenist N.G.L. Hammond, without however, to date, there is no evidence. It is possible that ancient Assos was a colony of the ancient Greek city of Assos in the Troad region, on the coast of Asia Minor, opposite Lesbos, on the northern shores of the Adramyttium Gulf. Assos was initially a Phoenician trading post and later, around 1000 BC, the capital of the Leleges. It then became a colony of the Methymnaeans of Lesbos. The inhabitants were frequently attacked by peoples from the East, Lydians and Persians, and sometimes came under their rule. This resulted in the inhabitants of the city migrating. A part of the migrants found themselves in the Dodona region and even lived in the wider area of Sella. This is how the settlement was probably founded, which was given the name of the metropolis. The previous name of the village was Nass(i)ari or Nasia and, according to one version, it came from a paraphrase of the name of the ancient city of Assos which became "Assari"/"Nass(i)ari" in the mid-7th century AD, when the area was conquered by the Slavs around 630 AD. According to another version, perhaps from the name of a chieftain of the homeland in the general case of "Nass(i)ari". In 1927, with the Decree of 1-4-1927 (Government Gazette A’ 76/1927), it was renamed Assos.
History
From Antiquity to the Revolution of 1821
In its historical course, Assos was included in antiquity in the territory of the Kassopaeans, in Byzantine times in the Province of Old Epirus with headquarters in Nikopolis[9] and from 1204 in the Despotate of Epirus with headquarters in Arta. Nearby there is the prehistoric Castle of Velliani, the ancient Vaties (7th-6th century BC) and other remains of ancient settlements. In 1480 AD it was occupied by the Turks and placed under the protection of the Valide Sultana. Between 1400 and 1500, Albanian-speaking refugees settled in it, more specifically around the Stavropegic Monastery of Lambovo, bringing with them the Arvanite dialect. From 1520 it joined the Armatoliki of Louros and during the period 1746-1790 in the Souliotiki Sympolity[10]. In 1788, Ali became Pasha of Ioannina, who made almost all the estates of his territory into tsifliki (privately owned estates). In Panagiotis Aravantinos' book "ta tsiflikia tou Ali Pasha"[11], the village is not mentioned as a tsifliki of Ali Pasha, nor as a tsifliki of his son Mukhtar. After the fall of Souli in 1803, the village became a manor of Mukhtar Pasha (son of Ali Pasha). The Revolution of 1821 found its inhabitants fighting on the side of the people of Souli, who, expelled in 1803, had taken refuge in the Ionian Islands from where they returned in 1821, following a treaty of cooperation that they signed with their once relentless persecutor and now a renegade of the Turks, Ali Pasha[12] on 15 January. A few months later, on April 18, 1821, the battle of the same name took place at the northern end of the village, at the location "Bogortsa" or "Vogoritsa", one of the most important of the first and crucial months of the Revolution, which contributed, along with other events, to maintaining the state of war between the Sultan and Ali Pasha and allowing extensive elite forces of the Ottoman army under Ismail Pasha initially and Hursit Pasha[13] subsequently to remain occupied in Epirus for quite some time, that is, as long as it took for the Revolution to spread throughout the Peloponnese.
Revolution of 1821: the Battle of Bogortsa or Battle of Nassari
The battle took place on the night of April 18 - a few days after Easter - 1821 on the hill of Bogortsa - Vogoritsa, a position called Lambri between Souli and Ioannina, northeast of the Thesprotian Mountains on the borders of the village of Nassari. There was one of the dozens of towers that Ali Pasha had built from 1799 -1800, in order to protect his army from the night battles of the Souliotes. The tower was three-walled and circular in its construction. Because the castle had been deserted since the Souliotes had abandoned Souli and the battlements had almost been demolished, Ismail Pasha ordered it to be renovated and installed a Turkish garrison there. However, Ismail Pasha's inability to subdue the rebels angered the Sultan, who decided to replace him with the very capable Hursit Pasha, who arrived in Ioannina on March 15 and took over the operations against Ali Pasha and the Souliotes. The strategic goal of the Soulio leaders was to expand the Souliotes' zone of influence to the wider Epirus area, to counter-distract the Sultan's troops and ultimately to incite an uprising of all the inhabitants of Epirus. Based on this strategy, they set as their goal the expulsion of the Turkish garrisons from the Lakka region by all means. After a council, they decided to first attack the fortified castle of Bogorta, which was the closest to Souli, about five hours' walk away. The castle was guarded by three hundred men led by Hasan Pasha according to Ioannis Filimonas[14] and five hundred according to Christopher Perraivos[15]. The leaders of the military operation were Notis Botsaris, Markos Botsaris and Giorgos Drakos, who set out from Souli with all the men they had and with the voluntary integration of residents of the surrounding areas of Parasouli, they arrived at noon on April 18 at the Acheron River, one mile from the Castle. When night fell, they decided to attack. Night attacks, night battles, were the strongest and most invincible weapon of the Souliotes, as they caused confusion and fear in the enemy forces. The catalyst for this type of attacks was the excellent knowledge of the area. The residents of Nass(i)ari (Assos) helped in this, who knew every inch of the Bogortsa hill area, as well as all the passages and paths. The attack was carried out from two sides. Markos Botsaris with the Lakkiotes on the one hand and Giorgos Drakos with the Souliotes on the other. Notis Botsaris, now an old man, sat in a safe position without participating in this operation. Giorgos Drakos called on the Turks to surrender their weapons, but they replied that they preferred to die than to bow down. The battle was fierce. The Turks were throwing volleys and stones and the Souliotes blocked their battlements, as a result of which the weapons became useless and the Turks were limited to throwing stones. A torrential rain accompanied by lightning, thunder and strong wind forced the Souliotes to retreat, in order to find a place to shelter from the bad weather conditions. The battle lasted two and a half hours, from ten in the evening until half an hour after midnight. The losses for the Souliotes and the Lakkiotes who took part were twenty dead and several wounded. Among the dead was Markos Botsaris's main henchman, Yannis Makrygiannis. Although their losses were heavy, they decided to continue the fight the next day. Before attacking, they sent three men to approach the fortified tower with great caution, to observe if there were Turkish military forces inside. They found that the castle had been evacuated. When they later entered, they found thirty-two Turks dead and two mortally wounded, from whom they were informed that the Turkish soldiers abandoned the tower en masse one hour after the retreat of the Souliotes. Their panic had also spread to the Turks of the neighboring areas. Thus, when the Souliotes moved against the Derviazians, half an hour away from Bogorta, the Turks immediately surrendered and withdrew unarmed.
The modern history of the village
After the fall of Ali Pasha, by decree of the Sultan, the village was transferred to the Turkish state in September 1822 and became a National Turkish estate (imliakia). The Sultan then bought the national (Imliakia) lands and made them royal, i.e. privately owned. In 1853, the Sultan, in order to secure money for the conduct of the Russo-Turkish War (Crimean War), leased the villages of Lakka, Dara, Krania, Nassiari, Kantza, Meliana and Bulmeti-Zervo to the great merchant of Constantinople, a Greek from Northern Epirus, Christakis Zografos[16] and received from him a loan of an unknown amount. In 1878, with the new Russo-Turkish war, the Sultan sold the villages he had rented to their tenant. The owner of Nassiari was now Christakis Zografos. Christakis Zografos exchanged the villages of Lakka (Nassiari, Krania, Dara, Boulmeti-Zervo) for others of the Turks of Thessaly, which had been liberated by the Treaty of Berlin. The new owner of Nassiari was the Turk Mustafa Nail. In 1908, the heirs of Mustafa Nail, who had nine sons, sold 4/5 of their inheritance rights to Kostis Karapanos[17], son-in-law of Christakis Zografos' daughter. On 13-10-1912 Lakka was liberated from the Turks. In 1922, ten years after the liberation, the Turkish estates were transferred to the Greek state with the exchange of the populations of Greece and Turkey. As a result, 1/5 of the land area of the village came under the ownership of the Greek state. During the Papanastasiou government, in 1924, the estate of Kostis Karapanos was expropriated. 4/5 were purchased by the residents (152 beneficiaries) and 1/5 remains in the Greek state even today. The distribution to the 152 beneficiaries of the village was made by a contract drawn up in Assos on 5 March 1937 by the notary Alexios Ath. Papaleukas. In the more recent history of the village, its residents took part in the failed Greco-Turkish War of 1897. They did the same during the liberation struggle of 1912 in the ranks of the Epirus Committee of Dimitrios Botsaris[18]. They subsequently participated in the Balkan Wars and World War I. Several also took part in the Asia Minor campaign. During the 1940s, a total of thirty-six Assiotes fought on the Albanian Front, while during the years of the Occupation, sixty-eight Assiotes participated in the National Resistance from the ranks of the resistance organization E.O.E.A.-E.D.E.S. (National Groups of Greek Guerrillas-National Democratic Greek League), most notably their participation in the battle on Mount Baldenesi on May 24, 1944 against the occupying forces, which took place a short distance from the village.
Population
In 1828, Nassari was inhabited by 25 families. The record is included in a published register, located in the general archives of the state[19].
In 1856, Nassari was inhabited by (18) Christian families[20].
In 1877, on the eve of the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian vice-consul of Arta wrote, among other things, that in Nassari there were only (45) Christian families who attended church in two churches and spoke the Albanian language.
In 1880, Nassari had three hundred (300) inhabitants, all Christian in religion.
In 1881, in a purchase and sale document from the manor owner K. Karapanou villages of Lakka, evidence of some that were manors can be seen: Nass(i)ari had 37 houses, 37 barns and 150 olive trees.
In 1884 Nassari had 40 families.[21]
In 1895 Nassari had 29 hanedes and a total of 197 residents (Males 101 and females 96).
In 1913 the village had 163 males and 179 females (total 342) residents.
In 1920 Nassari had 349 residents.
In 1928 Assos had 388 residents. Males 183 and Females 205.
In 1940 Assos had 435 inhabitants, 289 in the settlement of Assos and 146 in Kerasovo.
In 1951 Assos had 576 inhabitants, 393 in the settlement of Assos and 183 in Kerasovo.
In 1961 Assos had 772 inhabitants, 405 in the settlement of Assos and 367 in Kerasovo.
In 1971 Assos had 550 inhabitants, 297 in the settlement of Assos and 253 in Kerasovo.
In 1981 Assos had 587 inhabitants.
In 1991 Assos had 503 inhabitants, 297 in the settlement of Assos and 206 in Kerasovo.
In 2001, Assos had 486 residents, 273 in the settlement of Assos and 213 in Kerasovo.
In 2011, Assos had 343 residents, 170 in the settlement of Assos and 173 in Kerasovo.
Economy
The main occupation of the inhabitants was livestock farming and agriculture, which was not favored by the small and fragmented land. They cultivated corn, wheat, clover, oats, vetch, barley, chickpeas, potatoes and others. They also cultivated garlic and onions, which they traded (barter trade). Until the late 1950s and early 1960s, they also cultivated a considerable amount of tobacco in dry fields. Agriculture was also favored by the many water sources available in the village. The use of the water of the river that crosses the plain of Assos also helped a lot in irrigating the fields of the village. In the past, they used improvised dams (desse) to direct the water to the fields and later with the use of water pumping machines (motors). No Assos house had a garden and many even cultivated large quantities of vegetables, which they traded. A wide variety of fruits thrive in the village and in general in the region. The cultivation of olive trees was important in the economy of Assos. They provided families with edible olives, the oil of the year and some financial income. The production of lime by the decomposition of limestone (calcium carbonate) in special kilns (limestones) that they built themselves with great effort and at a temperature of less than 1200°C was one of the economic activities of the inhabitants of Assos. They used lime as a building material for the construction of houses, as a disinfectant and traded large quantities of it. They also prepared charcoal by burning wood, in the absence of air, in special kilns (furnaces) that they built themselves. They traded all the quantities of charcoal.
Immigration
The first economic migrants from Assos date back to the second half of the 19th century in Messolonghi and in the late 1910s some were found in Agrinio. In the early 1930s, nine Assos were in Kavala for a few years as economic migrants. In the late 1950s, for a period of time ranging from a few months to a few years, Assos were in the mines of Belgium. After the end of the Civil War (early 1950s) they had started coming to Athens. The first transatlantic economic migrant went to Australia in 1952. The largest wave of migration abroad began in 1960 to what was then West Germany. Almost the entire workforce of the village found itself in Germany for work. Only the elderly and young children remained in the village. Even today, many Assos residents are there. Since then, the housing, diet, clothing and education of the Assos residents have undergone spectacular development.
Education
A grammar school operated in the village since 1845. In 1884, the village had 40 families and had a second-grade grammar school, where one teacher taught 30 students. The Assos primary school operated until the 1997-1998 school year, when it was closed due to a lack of students. From January 1960, it operated as a two-seater for twenty years. In 1938, a second primary school was founded, Agios Ilias Assos, which in 1963 was renamed Kerasovo Assos primary school. The education of the village residents was very limited. According to the information we have, very few residents knew how to read and write in the 19th century. After 1880, more and more residents of the village learned to read and write, mostly males, because parents rarely sent girls to school. There was no possibility of studying after elementary school. The Scholarheia and Gymnasiums operated in large cities, kilometers away from the village, and the financial capabilities of the residents did not allow such studies. Only five residents of Assos, Kousis Thomas, Lambrousis Dimitrios, Lambrousis Sotirios, Katsanos Dimitrios, Lambrousis Spyridon, studied at the Scholarheia of Thesprotiko and Derviziana. However, none of them graduated, as they interrupted their studies for reasons of force majeure (economic, the beginning of World War II). Antonios Nikolaou is the first Assos resident to graduate from Philippiados High School in 1960 and Christou Christos, son of Georgiou, the first to complete post-secondary studies (he graduated from Marasleion Pedagogical Academy in 1964). Today, many Assos residents have not only graduated from university but also have excellent post-university studies.
Administrative Services and Structures
With No. 741/1971 B. D/gma, Government Gazette. 257/10-12-1971, issue A, the Assos rural clinic, second class, mountainous without nursing staff, was established. The rural clinic of Assos also includes the communities of: Nikolitsi (except for the settlement of Elaia), Meliana and Polystafylos. The rural clinic operated from 1-8-1972 and the first doctor was Stefanos Plainiotis from Thessaloniki. The rural clinic operated until the establishment of the Thesprotiko Health Center, into which it was incorporated. Today there is a health station. The first doctor from our village was Christos Anastasios of Georgiou and Lambrini, a graduate of the Medical School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in the year 1974.
On 18-6-1957, with the number 23/21/256 Order of the Ministry of Interior, a Gendarmerie Station was established with headquarters in Assos. In addition to Assos, the villages of Meliana, Nikolitsi (except for the settlement of Elaia), Polystafylo and Chalasma (the settlement of Papadates) were under the jurisdiction of the station. The police station operated in early 1959 and was abolished in February 2010 with decision no. 7.001/2/1435-ία΄/12-2-2010 (Government Gazette, issue 2, Sheet No. 144/16-02-2010).
References
GEOnet Names Server. June 11, 2018. -814817.
“Assos, Preveza | Our village”. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
https://www.statistics.gr/2011-census-pop-hous
https://www.eetaa.gr/metaboles/apografes/apografi_2011_monimos.pdf
https://www.eetaa.gr/metaboles/apografes/apografi_2001_monimos.pdf
https://www.eetaa.gr/metaboles/apografes/apografi_1991_monimos.pdf
PL 3:763
PLM 11:446
“Tour of ancient Nikopolis” MUNICIPALITY OF PREVEZA”. MUNICIPALITY OF PREVEZA. October 24, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
"Soulian League: An Organized Free State within the Ottoman Empire". Paramythia-online.gr. January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
"Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Search". anemi.lib.uoc.gr (in English). Retrieved January 1, 2020.
"Ali Pasha and his role in the Greek Revolution. How he managed to stay in power for 34 years. The dramatic end on the island of Ioannina. New show - TIME MACHINE". www.mixanitouxronou.gr. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
Today .gr, San. "Khursit Mehmet Pasha". San Today .gr. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
"Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Search". anemi.lib.uoc.gr (in English). Retrieved 1 January 2020.
"Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Search". anemi.lib.uoc.gr (in English). Retrieved 1 January 2020.
taxydromos.gr. "A great national benefactor: Christakis Zografos". taxydromos.gr. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
"Karapanos, Pyrrhus -". greekarchivesinventory.gak.gr. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
amyn. "The Epirus Committee". Defense (in English). Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
"Local - Epirus". Google Docs. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
«Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Chronology of Epirus: of the neighboring Greek and Illyrian countries, running through the events in order from the year of salvation to 1854. / Compiled by P[anagiotou] A[ravandinos] P[argeio]». anemi.lib.uoc.gr (in English). Retrieved 2 January 2020.
See Seraphim Xenopoulos, Dokimion, p. 62.
Sources
Aravantinos Spyridon, History of Ali Pasha of Tepelenlis / Sp. P. Aravantinos. Written based on an unpublished work by Panagiotos Aravantinos. In Athens: From the Printing House of Spyridon Kousoulinos, 1895.
Archives of Epirus History, Memoirs of Souliotos Agonist of the Twenty-One (S. Tzipis), written in Corfu by the best man of Ioannis Dousmanis, from a copy of a manuscript preserved in the historical archives of Yannis Vlachogiannis, Edited by Angelos N. Papakostas, Dodoni Bookstore, Athens.
Byzantios Stefanos, Ethnika, volumes I, II, Edited by the Kaktos Philological Group, Athens 2004.
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History of the Greek Nation, volume XII, Athens Publishing House, Athens 1979.
Lambridis Ioannis, 2nd Epirotic Studies, issues 1-10, Epirotic Studies Society Publications, Ioannina 1971.
Lekka L. Fotini, Christakis Zografos, 1820 -1898: the entrepreneurial adventure of a famous unknown expatriate of Constantinople, National Archive of Doctoral Theses, Athens 2016.
Papadopoulos Georgios, The Souliotiki Sympoliteia, Papazisis Publications, Athens 2013.
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Perraivos Christoforos, Greek Revolution, Seferli Publications, 1956
Perraivos Christoforos, History of Soulio and Parga containing their chronology, the battles against the Ottomans, especially those against Ali Pasha, Satrap of Epirus, vol. A', Dionysios Notis Karavia Bookstore, Athens 1857.
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Encyclopedia Papyrus Larousse Britannica, 1996, 2006 (PLM)
Encyclopedia Papyrus Larousse, 1963 (PL)
| Municipal unit Thesprotiko |
|---|
| Community Assos |
| Assos (Άσσος, ο) |
| Kerasovo (Κεράσοβο, το) |
| Community Galatas |
| Agios Savvas (Άγιος Σάββας, ο) |
| Galatas (Γαλατάς, ο) |
| Zervo (Ζερβό, το) |
| Community Thesprotiko |
| Thesprotiko (Θεσπρωτικό, το) |
| Community Meliana |
| Meliana (Μελιανά, τα) |
| Community Nikolitsi |
| Elaia (Ελαία, η) |
| Nikolitsi (Νικολίτσι, το) |
| Platania (Πλατάνια, τα) |
| Community Pappadates |
| Agioi Apostoloi (Άγιοι Απόστολοι, οι) |
| Galini (Γαλήνη, η) |
| Pappadates (Παππαδάτες, αι) |
| Community Polystafylo |
| Agia Triada (Αγία Τριάδα, η) |
| Polystafylo (Πολυστάφυλο, το) |
| Community Rizovouni |
| Ziropoli (Ζηρόπολη, η) |
| Rizovouni (Ριζοβούνι, το) |
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