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As energy is defined via work, the SI unit of energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units

$$1\ {\mathrm {J}}=1\ {\mathrm {kg}}\left({\frac {{\mathrm {m}}}{{\mathrm {s}}}}\right)^{2}=1\ {\frac {{\mathrm {kg}}\cdot {\mathrm {m}}^{2}}{{\mathrm {s}}^{2}}}$$

An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high energy physics is the electronvolt (eV). One eV is equivalent to 1.60217653×10−19 J.

In spectroscopy the unit cm−1 ≈ 0.0001239842 eV is used to represent energy since energy is inversely proportional to wavelength from the equation $$E=h\nu =hc/\lambda$$ .

In discussions of energy production and consumption, the units barrel of oil equivalent and ton of oil equivalent are often used.

British imperial / US customary units

The British imperial units and U.S. customary units for both energy and work include the foot-pound force (1.3558 J), the British thermal unit (BTU) which has various values in the region of 1055 J, the horsepower-hour (2.6845 MJ), and the gasoline gallon equivalent (about 120 MJ).

Electricity

An energy unit used for electrical power, particularly for utility bills, is the kilowatt-hour (kWh); one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 megajoule. Electricity usage is often given in units of kilowatt-hours per year or other time period. This is actually a measurement of average power consumption, meaning the average rate at which energy is transferred. One kilowatt-hour per year is about 0.11 watts.

Natural gas

Natural gas is often sold in units of energy content or by volume. Common units for selling by energy content are joules or therms. One therm is equal to about 1,055 megajoules. Common units for selling by volume are cubic metre or cubic feet. Natural gas in the US is sold in therms or 100 cubic feet (100 ft3 = 1 Ccf). In Australia, natural gas is sold in cubic metres. One cubic metre contains about 38 megajoules. In the most of the world, natural gas is sold in gigajoules.
Food industry

The calorie is defined as the amount of thermal energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 Celsius degree, from a temperature of 14.5 °C, at a pressure of 1 atm. For thermochemistry a calorie of 4.184 J is used, but other calories have also been defined, such as the International Steam Table calorie of 4.1868 J. In many regions, food energy is measured in large calories or kilocalories equalling 1000 calories, sometimes written capitalized as Calories. In the European Union, food energy labeling in joule is mandatory, often with calories as supplementary information.
Atom physics and chemistry

In physics and chemistry, it is still common to measure energy on the atomic scale in the non-SI, but convenient, units electronvolts (eV). The Hartree (the atomic unit of energy) is commonly used in calculations. Historically Rydberg units have been used.
Spectroscopy

In spectroscopy and related fields it is common to measure energy levels in units of reciprocal centimetres. These units (cm−1) are strictly speaking not energy units but units proportional to energies, with $${\displaystyle \ hc\sim 2\cdot 10^{-23}\ \mathrm {J} \ \mathrm {cm} }$$ being the proportionality constant.[1]

Explosions

A gram of TNT releases 4,100 to 4,600 joules (980 to 1,100 calories) upon explosion. To define the tonne of TNT, this was standardized to 1 kilocalorie (4,184 joules) giving a value of 4.184 gigajoules (1 billion calories) for the tonne of TNT.[2]

Energy consumption
Conversion of units of temperature
Conversion of units#Energy, work, or amount of heat
List of unusual units of measurement
Orders of magnitude (energy)
erg
Foe (unit)

References

Johnson, R. D., ed. (2002). "CCCBDB What's a cm-1?". Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase. National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T47C7Z. Retrieved 2013-11-13.

Thompson, A.; Taylor, B. N., eds. (2019). "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). National Institute of Standards and Technology (9th ed.).

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Energy

Outline History Index

Fundamental concepts

Energy
Units Conservation of energy Energetics Energy transformation Energy condition Energy transition Energy level Energy system Mass
Negative mass Mass–energy equivalence Power Thermodynamics
Quantum thermodynamics Laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamic system Thermodynamic state Thermodynamic potential Thermodynamic free energy Irreversible process Thermal reservoir Heat transfer Heat capacity Volume (thermodynamics) Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermal equilibrium Thermodynamic temperature Isolated system Entropy Free entropy Entropic force Negentropy Work Exergy Enthalpy

Types

Kinetic Internal Thermal Potential Gravitational Elastic Electric potential energy Mechanical Interatomic potential Electrical Magnetic Ionization Radiant Binding Nuclear binding energy Gravitational binding energy Quantum chromodynamics binding energy Dark Quintessence Phantom Negative Chemical Rest Sound energy Surface energy Vacuum energy Zero-point energy

Energy carriers

Radiation Enthalpy Mechanical wave Sound wave Fuel
fossil fuel Heat
Latent heat Work Electricity Battery Capacitor

Primary energy

Fossil fuel
Coal Petroleum Natural gas Nuclear fuel
Natural uranium Radiant energy Solar Wind Hydropower Marine energy Geothermal Bioenergy Gravitational energy

Energy system
components

Energy engineering Oil refinery Electric power Fossil fuel power station
Cogeneration Integrated gasification combined cycle Nuclear power
Nuclear power plant Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Solar power
Photovoltaic system Concentrated solar power Solar thermal energy
Solar power tower Solar furnace Wind power
Wind farm Airborne wind energy Hydropower
Hydroelectricity Wave farm Tidal power Geothermal power Biomass

Use and
supply

Energy consumption Energy storage World energy consumption Energy security Energy conservation Efficient energy use
Transport Agriculture Renewable energy Sustainable energy Energy policy
Energy development Worldwide energy supply South America USA Mexico Canada Europe Asia Africa Australia

Misc.