A particle beam is a stream of charged or neutral particles, in many cases moving at near the speed of light.
There is a difference between the creation and control of charged particle beams and neutral particle beams, as only the first type can be manipulated to a sufficient extent by devices based on electromagnetism. The manipulation and diagnostics of charged particle beams at high kinetic energies using particle accelerators are main topics of accelerator physics.
Sources
Charged particles such as electrons, positrons, and protons may be separated from their common surrounding. This can be accomplished by e.g. thermionic emission or arc discharge. The following devices are commonly used as sources for particle beams:
Ion source
Cathode ray tube, or more specifically in one of its parts called electron gun. This is also part of traditional television and computer screens.
Photocathodes may also be built in as a part of an electron gun, using the photoelectric effect to separate particles from their substrate.[1]
Neutron beams may be created by energetic proton beams which impact on a target, e.g. of beryllium material. (see article Particle therapy)
Bursting a Petawatt Laser onto a titanium foil to produce a proton beam.[2]
Manipulation
Acceleration
See also: Accelerator physics and Superconducting radio frequency
Charged beams may be further accelerated by use of high resonant, sometimes also superconducting, microwave cavities. These devices accelerate particles by interaction with an electromagnetic field. Since the wavelength of hollow macroscopic, conducting devices is in the radio frequency band, the design of such cavities and other RF devices is also a part of accelerator physics.
More recently, plasma acceleration has emerged as a possibility to accelerate particles in a plasma medium, using the electromagnetic energy of pulsed high-power laser systems or the kinetic energy of other charged particles. This technique is under active development, but cannot provide reliable beams of sufficient quality at present.
Guidance
In all cases, the beam is steered with dipole magnets and focused with quadrupole magnets. With the end goal of reaching the desired position and beam spot size in the experiment.
Applications
High-energy physics
See also: Particle collider and Large Hadron Collider
High-energy particle beams are used for particle physics experiments in large facilities; the most common examples being the Large Hadron Collider and the Tevatron.
Synchrotron radiation
Main articles: Synchrotron light source and Synchrotron radiation
Electron beams are employed in synchrotron light sources to produce electromagnetic radiation with a continuous spectrum over a wide frequency band which is called synchrotron radiation. This radiation may be used at beamlines of the synchrotron storage ring for a variety of experiments.
Particle therapy
Main article: Particle therapy
Energetic particle beams consisting of protons, neutrons, or positive ions (also called particle microbeams) may also be used for cancer treatment in particle therapy.
Astrophysics
Many phenomena in astrophysics are attributed to particle beams of various kinds. Perhaps of these the most iconic is the solar Type III radio burst, due to a mildly relativistic electron beam.
Military
Though particle beams are perhaps most famously employed as directed-energy weapon systems in science fiction, the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency started work on particle beam weapons in 1958.[3] The general idea of such weaponry is to hit a target object with a stream of accelerated particles with high kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the molecules of the target. The power needed to project a high-powered beam of this kind surpasses the production capabilities of any standard battlefield powerplant,[3] thus such weapons are not anticipated to be produced in the foreseeable future.
Mars colonization
Proton beams such as "laser-generated proton beams"[4] may be used as a way to generate hydrogen for the production of water on planets, such as Mars, where hydrogen is scarce and oxygen is relatively rich in the atmosphere in the form of CO2. In a Mars economy where the initial cost of water would be very high due to expense of transport from Earth to Mars, a machine that can generate hydrogen using nuclear alchemy, i.e., conversion of titanium into hydrogen ions using petawatt lasers, for example, is economical and may actually be cheaper and faster than transporting water from Earth to Mars if the technology is fully developed.[5]
See also
Electron beam
Ion beam
Jet
References
T. J. Kauppila et al. (1987), A pulsed electron injector using a metal photocathode irradiated by an excimer laser, Proceedings of Particle Accelerator Conference 1987
Petawatt proton beams at Lawrence Livermore
Roberds, Richard M. (1984). "Introducing the Particle-Beam Weapon". Air University Review. July–August. Archived from the original on 2012-04-17. Retrieved 2005-01-03.
Petawatt proton beams at Lawrence Livermore
Multi-planetary Society, Vol. 23, spring 2018
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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