In probability theory, the Vysochanskij–Petunin inequality gives a lower bound for the probability that a random variable with finite variance lies within a certain number of standard deviations of the variable's mean, or equivalently an upper bound for the probability that it lies further away. The sole restrictions on the distribution are that it be unimodal and have finite variance. (This implies that it is a continuous probability distribution except at the mode, which may have a non-zero probability.) The theorem applies even to heavily skewed distributions and puts bounds on how much of the data is, or is not, "in the middle."
Theorem
Let X be a random variable with unimodal distribution, mean μ and finite, non-zero variance σ2. Then, for any λ > √(8/3) = 1.63299...,
\( P(\left|X-\mu \right|\geq \lambda \sigma )\leq {\frac {4}{9\lambda ^{2}}}. \)
(For a relatively elementary proof see e.g. [1]). Furthermore, the equality is attained for a random variable having a probability 1 − 4/(3 λ2) of being exactly equal to the mean, and which, when it is not equal to the mean, is distributed uniformly in an interval centred on the mean. When λ is less than √(8/3), there exist non-symmetric distributions for which the 4/(9 λ2) bound is exceeded.
Properties
The theorem refines Chebyshev's inequality by including the factor of 4/9, made possible by the condition that the distribution be unimodal.
It is common, in the construction of control charts and other statistical heuristics, to set λ = 3, corresponding to an upper probability bound of 4/81= 0.04938..., and to construct 3-sigma limits to bound nearly all (i.e. 95%) of the values of a process output. Without unimodality Chebyshev's inequality would give a looser bound of 1/9 = 0.11111....
See also
Gauss's inequality, a similar result for the distance from the mode rather than the mean
Rule of three (statistics), a similar result for the Bernoulli distribution
References
Pukelsheim, F., 1994. The Three Sigma Rule. The American Statistician, 48(2), pp.88-91
D. F. Vysochanskij, Y. I. Petunin (1980). "Justification of the 3σ rule for unimodal distributions". Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics. 21: 25–36.
Report (on cancer diagnosis) by Petunin and others stating theorem in English
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
Graduate Studies in Mathematics
Hellenica World - Scientific Library
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