ART

In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, an M/D/1 queue represents the queue length in a system having a single server, where arrivals are determined by a Poisson process and job service times are fixed (deterministic). The model name is written in Kendall's notation.[1] Agner Krarup Erlang first published on this model in 1909, starting the subject of queueing theory.[2][3] An extension of this model with more than one server is the M/D/c queue.

Model definition

An M/D/1 queue is a stochastic process whose state space is the set {0,1,2,3,...} where the value corresponds to the number of entities in the system, including any currently in service.

Arrivals occur at rate λ according to a Poisson process and move the process from state i to i + 1.
Service times are deterministic time D (serving at rate μ = 1/D).
A single server serves entities one at a time from the front of the queue, according to a first-come, first-served discipline. When the service is complete the entity leaves the queue and the number of entities in the system reduces by one.
The buffer is of infinite size, so there is no limit on the number of entities it can contain.


Transition Matrix

The transition probability matrix for an M/D/1 queue with arrival rate λ and service time 1, such that λ <1 (for stability of the queue) is given by P as below:[4]

\( {\displaystyle P={\begin{pmatrix}a_{0}&a_{1}&a_{2}&a_{3}&...\\a_{0}&a_{1}&a_{2}&a_{3}&...\\0&a_{0}&a_{1} &a_{2}&...\\0&0&a_{0}&a_{1}&...\\...&...&...&...&...\\\end{pmatrix}}} \) , \( {\displaystyle a_{n}={\frac {\lambda ^{n}}{n!}}e^{-\lambda }}, n = 0,1,.... \)
Classic performance metrics

The following expressions present the classic performance metrics of a single server queuing system such as M/D/1, with:

arrival rate = \( {\displaystyle =\lambda }, \)
service rate = \( {\displaystyle =\mu }, \) and
utilization = ρ \( {\displaystyle =\rho ={\frac {\lambda }{\mu }}} \)

The average number of entities in the system, L is given by:

\( {\displaystyle L=\rho +{\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\rho ^{2}}{1-\rho }}\right);} \)

The average number of entities in the queue (line), LQ is given by:

\( {\displaystyle L_{Q}={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\rho ^{2}}{1-\rho }}\right);}

The average waiting time in the system, ω is given by:
\( {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {1}{\mu }}+{\frac {\rho }{2\mu (1-\rho )}};} \)

The average waiting time in the queue (line), ω Q is given by:

\( {\displaystyle \omega _{Q}={\frac {\rho }{2\mu (1-\rho )}}} \)
Example

Considering a system that has only one server, with an arrival rate of 20 entities per hour and the service rate is at a constant of 30 per hour.

So the utilization of the server is: ρ=20/30=2/3. Using the metrics shown above, the results are as following: 1) Average number in line LQ= 0.6667; 2) Average number in system L =1.333; 3) Average time in line ωQ = 0.033 hour; 4) Average time in system ω = 0.067 hour.
Relations for Mean Waiting Time in M/M/1 and M/D/1 queues

For an equilibrium M/G/1 queue, the expected value of the time W spent by a customer in the queue are given by Pollaczek-Khintchine formula as below:[5]

\( {\displaystyle E(W)={\frac {\rho \tau }{2(1-\rho )}}\left(1+{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{\tau ^{2}}}\right)} \)

where τ is the mean service time; σ2 is the variance of service time; and ρ=λτ < 1, λ being the arrival rate of the customers.

For M/M/1 queue, the service times are exponentially distributed, then σ2 = τ2 and the mean waiting time in the queue denoted by WM is given by the following equation:[5]

\( {\displaystyle {W_{M}}={\frac {\rho \tau }{1-\rho }}} \)

Using this, the corresponding equation for M/D/1 queue can be derived, assuming constant service times. Then the variance of service time becomes zero, i.e. σ2 = 0. The mean waiting time in the M/D/1 queue denoted as WD is given by the following equation:[5]

\( {\displaystyle {W_{D}}={\frac {\rho \tau }{2(1-\rho )}}} \)

From the two equations above, we can infer that Mean queue length in M/M/1 queue is twice that in M/D/1 queue.
Stationary distribution

The number of jobs in the queue can be written as M/G/1 type Markov chain and the stationary distribution found for state i (written πi) in the case D = 1 to be[4]

\( {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\pi _{0}&=1-\lambda \\\pi _{1}&=(1-\lambda )(e^{\lambda } -1)\\\pi _{n}&=(1-\lambda )\left(e^{n\lambda }+\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}e^{k\lambda }(-1)^{n-k}\left[{\frac {(k\lambda )^{n-k}}{(n-k)!}}+{\frac {(k\lambda )^{n-k-1}}{(n-k-1)!}}\right]\right)\quad (n\geq 2).\end{aligned}}} \)

Delay

Define ρ = λ/μ as the utilization; then the mean delay in the system in M/D/1 queue is[6]

\( {\frac {1}{2\mu }}\cdot {\frac {2-\rho }{1-\rho }}. \)

and in the queue:

\( {\frac {1}{2\mu }}\cdot {\frac {\rho }{1-\rho }}. \)

Busy period

The busy period is the time period measured from the instant a first customer arrives at an empty queue to the time when the queue is again empty. This time period is equal to D times the number of customers served. If ρ < 1, then the number of customers served during a busy period of the queue has a Borel distribution with parameter ρ.[7][8]
Finite capacity
Stationary distribution

A stationary distribution for the number of customers in the queue and mean queue length can be computed using probability generating functions.[9]
Transient solution

The transient solution of an M/D/1 queue of finite capacity N, often written M/D/1/N, was published by Garcia et al. in 2002.[10]
Application

Includes applications in wide area network design,[11] where a single central processor to read the headers of the packets arriving in exponential fashion, then computes the next adapter to which each packet should go and dispatch the packets accordingly. Here the service time is the processing of the packet header and cyclic redundancy check, which are independent of the length of each arriving packets. Hence, it can be modeled as a M/D/1 queue.[12]
References

Kendall, D. G. (1953). "Stochastic Processes Occurring in the Theory of Queues and their Analysis by the Method of the Imbedded Markov Chain". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 24 (3): 338. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177728975. JSTOR 2236285.
Kingman, J. F. C. (2009). "The first Erlang century—and the next". Queueing Systems. 63: 3–4. doi:10.1007/s11134-009-9147-4.
Erlang, A. K. (1909). "The theory of probabilities and telephone conversations" (PDF). Nyt Tidsskrift for Matematik B. 20: 33–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2011.
Nakagawa, Kenji (2005). "On the Series Expansion for the Stationary Probabilities of an M/D/1 queue" (PDF). Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan. 48 (2): 111–122. doi:10.15807/jorsj.48.111.
Cooper, Robert B. (1981). Introduction to Queuing Theory. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. p. 189. ISBN 0-444-00379-7.
Cahn, Robert S. (1998). Wide Area Network Design:Concepts and Tools for Optimization. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 319. ISBN 1558604588.
Tanner, J. C. (1961). "A derivation of the Borel distribution". Biometrika. 48: 222–224. doi:10.1093/biomet/48.1-2.222. JSTOR 2333154.
Haight, F. A.; Breuer, M. A. (1960). "The Borel-Tanner distribution". Biometrika. 47: 143. doi:10.1093/biomet/47.1-2.143. JSTOR 2332966.
Brun, Olivier; Garcia, Jean-Marie (2000). "Analytical Solution of Finite Capacity M/D/1 Queues". Journal of Applied Probability. Applied Probability Trust. 37 (4): 1092–1098. doi:10.1239/jap/1014843086. JSTOR 3215497.
Garcia, Jean-Marie; Brun, Olivier; Gauchard, David (2002). "Transient Analytical Solution of M/D/1/N Queues". Journal of Applied Probability. Applied Probability Trust. 39 (4): 853–864. doi:10.1239/jap/1037816024. JSTOR 3216008.
Kotobi, Khashayar; Bilén, Sven G. (2017). "Spectrum sharing via hybrid cognitive players evaluated by an M/D/1 queuing model". EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2017: 85. doi:10.1186/s13638-017-0871-x. Retrieved 2017-05-05.

Chan, Robert S. (1998). Wide Area Network Design: Concepts and Tools for optimization. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. p. 319. ISBN 1-55860-458-8.

vte

Queueing theory
Single queueing nodes

D/M/1 queue M/D/1 queue M/D/c queue M/M/1 queue
Burke's theorem M/M/c queue M/M/∞ queue M/G/1 queue
Pollaczek–Khinchine formula Matrix analytic method M/G/k queue G/M/1 queue G/G/1 queue
Kingman's formula Lindley equation Fork–join queue Bulk queue

Arrival processes

Poisson process Markovian arrival process Rational arrival process

Queueing networks

Jackson network
Traffic equations Gordon–Newell theorem
Mean value analysis Buzen's algorithm Kelly network G-network BCMP network

Service policies

FIFO LIFO Processor sharing Round-robin Shortest job first Shortest remaining time

Key concepts

Continuous-time Markov chain Kendall's notation Little's law Product-form solution
Balance equation Quasireversibility Flow-equivalent server method Arrival theorem Decomposition method Beneš method

Limit theorems

Fluid limit Mean field theory Heavy traffic approximation
Reflected Brownian motion

Extensions

Fluid queue Layered queueing network Polling system Adversarial queueing network Loss network Retrial queue

Information systems

Data buffer Erlang (unit) Erlang distribution Flow control (data) Message queue Network congestion Network scheduler Pipeline (software) Quality of service Scheduling (computing) Teletraffic engineering

Category Category

vte

Stochastic processes
Discrete time

Bernoulli process Branching process Chinese restaurant process Galton–Watson process Independent and identically distributed random variables Markov chain Moran process Random walk
Loop-erased Self-avoiding Biased Maximal entropy

Continuous time

Additive process Bessel process Birth–death process
pure birth Brownian motion
Bridge Excursion Fractional Geometric Meander Cauchy process Contact process Continuous-time random walk Cox process Diffusion process Empirical process Feller process Fleming–Viot process Gamma process Geometric process Hunt process Interacting particle systems Itô diffusion Itô process Jump diffusion Jump process Lévy process Local time Markov additive process McKean–Vlasov process Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process Poisson process
Compound Non-homogeneous Schramm–Loewner evolution Semimartingale Sigma-martingale Stable process Superprocess Telegraph process Variance gamma process Wiener process Wiener sausage

Both

Branching process Galves–Löcherbach model Gaussian process Hidden Markov model (HMM) Markov process Martingale
Differences Local Sub- Super- Random dynamical system Regenerative process Renewal process Stochastic chains with memory of variable length White noise

Fields and other

Dirichlet process Gaussian random field Gibbs measure Hopfield model Ising model
Potts model Boolean network Markov random field Percolation Pitman–Yor process Point process
Cox Poisson Random field Random graph

Time series models

Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model Autoregressive (AR) model Autoregressive–moving-average (ARMA) model Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model Moving-average (MA) model

Financial models

Black–Derman–Toy Black–Karasinski Black–Scholes Chen Constant elasticity of variance (CEV) Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) Garman–Kohlhagen Heath–Jarrow–Morton (HJM) Heston Ho–Lee Hull–White LIBOR market Rendleman–Bartter SABR volatility Vašíček Wilkie

Actuarial models

Bühlmann Cramér–Lundberg Risk process Sparre–Anderson

Queueing models

Bulk Fluid Generalized queueing network M/G/1 M/M/1 M/M/c

Properties

Càdlàg paths Continuous Continuous paths Ergodic Exchangeable Feller-continuous Gauss–Markov Markov Mixing Piecewise deterministic Predictable Progressively measurable Self-similar Stationary Time-reversible

Limit theorems

Central limit theorem Donsker's theorem Doob's martingale convergence theorems Ergodic theorem Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem Large deviation principle Law of large numbers (weak/strong) Law of the iterated logarithm Maximal ergodic theorem Sanov's theorem

Inequalities

Burkholder–Davis–Gundy Doob's martingale Kunita–Watanabe

Tools

Cameron–Martin formula Convergence of random variables Doléans-Dade exponential Doob decomposition theorem Doob–Meyer decomposition theorem Doob's optional stopping theorem Dynkin's formula Feynman–Kac formula Filtration Girsanov theorem Infinitesimal generator Itô integral Itô's lemma Karhunen–Loève_theorem Kolmogorov continuity theorem Kolmogorov extension theorem Lévy–Prokhorov metric Malliavin calculus Martingale representation theorem Optional stopping theorem Prokhorov's theorem Quadratic variation Reflection principle Skorokhod integral Skorokhod's representation theorem Skorokhod space Snell envelope Stochastic differential equation
Tanaka Stopping time Stratonovich integral Uniform integrability Usual hypotheses Wiener space
Classical Abstract

Disciplines

Actuarial mathematics Control theory Econometrics Ergodic theory Extreme value theory (EVT) Large deviations theory Mathematical finance Mathematical statistics Probability theory Queueing theory Renewal theory Ruin theory Signal processing Statistics System on Chip design Stochastic analysis Time series analysis Machine learning

Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics

Graduate Texts in Mathematics

Graduate Studies in Mathematics

Mathematics Encyclopedia

World

Index

Hellenica World - Scientific Library

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License