ART

Buy Fine Art

Jean-François Millet (II)

Paintings, Drawings

The Angelus Print by Jean Francois Millet

The Angelus

The Gleaners Print by Jean Francois Millet

The Gleaners

The Sheepfold. Moonlight Print by Jean Francois Millet

The Sheepfold. Moonlight

Haystacks. Autumn Print by Jean Francois Millet

Haystacks. Autumn

Potato Planters Print by Jean Francois Millet

Potato Planters

Autumn Landscape With A Flock Of Turkeys Print by Jean Francois Millet

Autumn Landscape with a Flock of Turkeys

Starry Night Print by Jean Francois Millet

Starry Night

Bird's-nesters Print by Jean Francois Millet

Bird's-Nesters

Calling The Cows Home Print by Jean Francois Millet

Calling the Cows Home

Man With A Hoe Print by Jean Francois Millet

Man with a Hoe

Going To Work Print by Jean Francois Millet

Going to Work

Louise-antoinette Feuardent Print by Jean Francois Millet

Louise-Antoinette Feuardent

Falling Leaves Print by Jean Francois Millet

Falling Leaves

Retreat From The Storm Print by Jean Francois Millet

Retreat from the Storm

Women Carrying Faggots Print by Jean Francois Millet

Women Carrying Faggots

Garden Scene Print by Jean Francois Millet

Garden Scene

Shepherdess Seated On A Rock Print by Jean Francois Millet

Shepherdess Seated on a Rock

A Reclining Female Nude Print by Jean Francois Millet

A Reclining Female Nude

The Newborn Print by Jean Francois Millet

The Newborn

The Sower Print by Jean Francois Millet

The Sower

Cliffs Of Greville Print by Jean Francois Millet

Cliffs of Greville

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Whisper

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Portrait of Louis-Alexandre Marolles

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Arcadian Shepherds

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The rock of Castel Vendon

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The charity

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Death and the woodcutter

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Diana resting

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Haystacks: Autumn

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Dandelions

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Potato Harvest (La Récolte des Pommes de Terre)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Peasant Digging

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Bird's-Nesters

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Portrait of Pauline Ono

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Self-Portait

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Winnower

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Winnower

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Portrait d'Armand Ono

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Portrait of a naval officer

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

A Norman Milkmaid at Gréville

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Académie masculine

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Hagar and Ishmael

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Bringing home the calf born in the fields

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Seated Shepherdess

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Cliffs of Gréville

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Around Cusset

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Farm house at Gruchy

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Young Girl Guarding her Sheep

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Bather

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Artist's Wife

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The end of the day; Evening Effect

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Goosegirl

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Knitting Lesson

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Reaper

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Firewood Gatherer in the Sunset

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Les Falaises de Gréville

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Les Glaneuses

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Louise-Antoinette Feuardent

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Maternal Solicitude

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Shepherdess

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Portrait of a Man

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Potato Planters

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Profile of a young peasant girl

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Sheep shearing

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Shepherd Tending His Flock

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Spring (Daphnis and Chloë)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Study for Man with a Wheelbarrow

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Study for Woman Churning Butter

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Angelus

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Carder

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Comtesse of Valmont

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Goose Girl

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Knitting Shepherdess

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Potato Harvest

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Sheepfold, Moonlight

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Shepherd

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Shepherdess

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Sower

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The washerwomen

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Woman at the Window

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Seated Nude

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Going to Work

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Ceres (or The Summer)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Shepherdess Seated on a Rock

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Man with a Hoe

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Temptation of St Anthony

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Study for The first steps

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Study for 'Mercury Leading the Cows of Argus to Water'

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Peasant head covered with a handkerchief

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Leconte de Lisle

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Seated Nude

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Spring (Daphnis and Chloë)

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Angelus

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Gleaners

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Goose Girl

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

The Sower

Jean-Francois Millet (II)

Woman Baking Bread

Fine Art Prints | Greeting Cards | iPhone Cases | Tote Bags | Clothing | Lifestyle | Beach ...

The Gleaners Print by Jean Francois Millet

The Gleaners

Jean-François Millet (French: [milɛ]; October 4, 1814 – January 20, 1875) was a French painter and one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers; he can be categorized as part of the Realism art movement.

Life and work
Youth
The Sheepfold. In this painting by Millet, the waning moon throws a mysterious light across the plain between the villages of Barbizon and Chailly.[1] The Walters Art Museum.

Millet was the first child of Jean-Louis-Nicolas and Aimée-Henriette-Adélaïde Henry Millet, members of the farming community in the village of Gruchy, in Gréville-Hague (Normandy).[2] Under the guidance of two village priests, Millet acquired a knowledge of Latin and modern authors, before being sent to Cherbourg in 1833 to study with a portrait painter named Paul Dumouchel. By 1835 he was studying full-time with Lucien-Théophile Langlois, a pupil of Baron Gros, in Cherbourg. A stipend provided by Langlois and others enabled Millet to move to Paris in 1837, where he studied at the École des Beaux-Arts with Paul Delaroche.[3] In 1839 his scholarship was terminated, and his first submission to the Salon was rejected.[2]

Photography


Paris

After his first painting, a portrait, was accepted at the Salon of 1840, Millet returned to Cherbourg to begin a career as a portrait painter. However, the following year he married Pauline-Virginie Ono, and they moved to Paris. After rejections at the Salon of 1843 and Pauline's death by consumption, Millet returned again to Cherbourg.[2] In 1845 Millet moved to Le Havre with Catherine Lemaire, whom he would marry in a civil ceremony in 1853; they would have nine children and remain together for the rest of Millet's life.[4] In Le Havre he painted portraits and small genre pieces for several months, before moving back to Paris.


Woman Baking Bread, 1854. Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo.

It was in Paris in the middle 1840s that Millet befriended Constant Troyon, Narcisse Diaz, Charles Jacque, and Théodore Rousseau, artists who, like Millet, would become associated with the Barbizon school; Honoré Daumier, whose figure draftsmanship would influence Millet's subsequent rendering of peasant subjects; and Alfred Sensier, a government bureaucrat who would become a lifelong supporter and eventually the artist's biographer.[5] In 1847 his first Salon success came with the exhibition of a painting Oedipus Taken down from the Tree, and in 1848 his Winnower was bought by the government.

The Captivity of the Jews in Babylon, Millet's most ambitious work at the time, was unveiled at the Salon of 1848, but was scorned by art critics and the public alike. The painting eventually disappeared shortly thereafter, leading historians to believe that Millet destroyed it. In 1984, scientists at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston x-rayed Millet's 1870 painting The Young Shepherdess looking for minor changes, and discovered that it was painted over Captivity. It is now believed that Millet reused the canvas when materials were in short supply during the Franco-Prussian War.

Barbizon
The Sower, 1850. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

In 1849, Millet painted Harvesters, a commission for the state. In the Salon of that year, he exhibited Shepherdess Sitting at the Edge of the Forest, a very small oil painting which marked a turning away from previous idealized pastoral subjects, in favor of a more realistic and personal approach.[6] In June of that year, he settled in Barbizon with Catherine and their children.

In 1850 Millet entered into an arrangement with Sensier, who provided the artist with materials and money in return for drawings and paintings, while Millet simultaneously was free to continue selling work to other buyers as well.[7] At that year's Salon, he exhibited Haymakers and The Sower, his first major masterpiece and the earliest of the iconic trio of paintings that would include The Gleaners and The Angelus.[8]

From 1850 to 1853, Millet worked on Harvesters Resting (Ruth and Boaz),[9] a painting he would consider his most important, and on which he worked the longest. Conceived to rival his heroes Michelangelo and Poussin, it was also the painting that marked his transition from the depiction of symbolic imagery of peasant life to that of contemporary social conditions. It was the only painting he ever dated, and was the first work to garner him official recognition, a second-class medal at the 1853 salon.[10]

The Gleaners
Main article: The Gleaners
The Gleaners, 1857. Musée d'Orsay, Paris.

This is one of the most well known of Millet's paintings, The Gleaners (1857). While Millet was walking the fields around Barbizon, one theme returned to his pencil and brush for seven years—gleaning—the centuries-old right of poor women and children to remove the bits of grain left in the fields following the harvest. He found the theme an eternal one, linked to stories from the Old Testament. In 1857, he submitted the painting The Gleaners to the Salon to an unenthusiastic, even hostile, public.

(Earlier versions include a vertical composition painted in 1854, an etching of 1855–56 which directly presaged the horizontal format of the painting now in the Musée d'Orsay.[11])

A warm golden light suggests something sacred and eternal in this daily scene where the struggle to survive takes place. During his years of preparatory studies, Millet contemplated how best to convey the sense of repetition and fatigue in the peasants' daily lives. Lines traced over each woman’s back lead to the ground and then back up in a repetitive motion identical to their unending, backbreaking labor. Along the horizon, the setting sun silhouettes the farm with its abundant stacks of grain, in contrast to the large shadowy figures in the foreground. The dark homespun dresses of the gleaners cut robust forms against the golden field, giving each woman a noble, monumental strength.


The Angelus
Main article: The Angelus (painting)
The Angelus, 1857–59. Musée d'Orsay, Paris.

The painting was commissioned by Thomas Gold Appleton, an American art collector based in Boston, Massachusetts. Appleton previously studied with Millet's friend, the Barbizon painter Constant Troyon. It was completed during the summer of 1857. Millet added a steeple and changed the initial title of the work, Prayer for the Potato Crop to The Angelus when the purchaser failed to take possession of it in 1859. Displayed to the public for the first time in 1865, the painting changed hands several times, increasing only modestly in value, since some considered the artist's political sympathies suspect. Upon Millet's death a decade later, a bidding war between the US and France ensued, ending some years later with a price tag of 800,000 gold francs.

The disparity between the apparent value of the painting and the poor estate of Millet's surviving family was a major impetus in the invention of the droit de suite, intended to compensate artists or their heirs when works are resold.[12]


Later years
Hunting Birds at Night, 1874, Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Despite mixed reviews of the paintings he exhibited at the Salon, Millet's reputation and success grew through the 1860s. At the beginning of the decade, he contracted to paint 25 works in return for a monthly stipend for the next three years and in 1865, another patron, Emile Gavet, began commissioning pastels for a collection that would eventually include 90 works.[13] In 1867, the Exposition Universelle hosted a major showing of his work, with the Gleaners, Angelus, and Potato Planters among the paintings exhibited. The following year, Frédéric Hartmann commissioned Four Seasons for 25,000 francs, and Millet was named Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur.[13]

In 1870, Millet was elected to the Salon jury. Later that year, he and his family fled the Franco-Prussian War, moving to Cherbourg and Gréville, and did not return to Barbizon until late in 1871. His last years were marked by financial success and increased official recognition, but he was unable to fulfill government commissions due to failing health. On January 3, 1875, he married Catherine in a religious ceremony. Millet died on January 20, 1875.[13]


Legacy
The Potato Harvest (1855)[14] The Walters Art Museum.

Millet was an important source of inspiration for Vincent van Gogh, particularly during his early period. Millet and his work are mentioned many times in Vincent's letters to his brother Theo. Millet's late landscapes would serve as influential points of reference to Claude Monet's paintings of the coast of Normandy; his structural and symbolic content influenced Georges Seurat as well.[15]

Millet is the main protagonist of Mark Twain's play Is He Dead? (1898), in which he is depicted as a struggling young artist who fakes his death to score fame and fortune. Most of the details about Millet in the play are fictional.

Millet's painting L'homme à la houe inspired the famous poem "The Man With the Hoe" (1898) by Edwin Markham. His poems also served as the inspiration for American poet David Middleton's collection The Habitual Peacefulness of Gruchy: Poems After Pictures by Jean-François Millet (2005).[16]

The Angelus was reproduced frequently in the 19th and 20th centuries. Salvador Dalí was fascinated by this work, and wrote an analysis of it, The Tragic Myth of The Angelus of Millet. Rather than seeing it as a work of spiritual peace, Dalí believed it held messages of repressed sexual aggression. Dalí was also of the opinion that the two figures were praying over their buried child, rather than to the Angelus. Dalí was so insistent on this fact that eventually an X-ray was done of the canvas, confirming his suspicions: the painting contains a painted-over geometric shape strikingly similar to a coffin.[17] However, it is unclear whether Millet changed his mind on the meaning of the painting, or even if the shape actually is a coffin.


See also

List of works by Henri Chapu

Notes

"The Sheepfold, Moonlight". The Walters Art Museum.
Murphy, p.xix.
Honour, H. and J. Fleming, p. 669.
Murphy, p.21.
Champa, p.183.
Murphy, p.23.
Murphy, p. xix.
Murphy, p.31.
Harvesters Resting (Ruth and Boaz) at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Murphy, p. 60
Murphy, p. 103.
Stokes, p. 77.
Murphy, p. xx.
"The Potato Harvest". The Walters Art Museum.
Champa, p. 184.
Tadie, Poetry and Peace, Modern Age (2009, Vol. 51:3)

Néret, 2000

References

Champa, Kermit S. The Rise of Landscape Painting in France: Corot to Monet. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1991. ISBN 0-8109-3757-3
Honour, H. and Fleming, J. A World History of Art. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2009. ISBN 9781856695848
Murphy, Alexandra R. Jean-François Millet. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1984. ISBN 0-87846-237-6
Stokes, Simon. Art and Copyright. Hart Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84113-225-X
Plaideux, Hugues. "L'inventaire après décès et la déclaration de succession de Jean-François Millet", in Revue de la Manche, t. 53, fasc. 212, 2e trim. 2011, p. 2-38.
Plaideux, Hugues. "Une enseigne de vétérinaire cherbourgeois peinte par Jean-François Millet en 1841", in Bulletin de la Société française d'histoire de la médecine et des sciences vétérinaires, n° 11, 2011, p. 61-75.
Lucien Lepoittevin. "Catalogue raisonné Jean-François Millet" en 2 volumes - Paris 1971 / 1973
Lucien Lepoitevin. "Le Viquet - Retour sur les premiers pas : un Millet inconnu" - N° 139 Paques 2003 - ISSN 0764-7948
E Moreau-Nélaton - Monographie de reference, Millet raconté par lui-même - 3 volumes - Paris 1921
Lucien Lepoittevin. "Jean François Millet (Au delà de l'Angélus) - Ed de Monza - 2002 - (ISBN 2-908071-93-2)
L. Lepoittevin. Jean François Millet : Images et symboles, Éditions Isoète Cherbourg 1990. (ISBN 2-905385-32-4)
Tadie, Andrew. Poetry and Peace: The Habitual Peacefulness of Gruchy: Poems After Pictures by Jean-François Millet by David Middleton. Modern Age: A Quarterly Review. Summer/Fall 2009 (Vol. 51:3)

External links

Official website of the workshop of Jean-François Millet, Barbizon in France
jeanmillet.org; 125 works by Jean-François Millet
Jean-François Millet at Artcyclopedia
Maura Coughlin's article on Millet's Norman milkmaids
Influence on Van Gogh
Influence on Dali - grieving parents or praying peasants in The Angelus?
Gillet, Louis (1913). "Jean-François Millet". Catholic Encyclopedia.
Emilia, Lady Dilke (1911). "Millet, Jean François (1814-1875)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
"Jean-François Millet", poem by Florence Earle Coates

----

Fine Art Prints | Greeting Cards | Phone Cases | Lifestyle | Face Masks | Men's , Women' Apparel | Home Decor | jigsaw puzzles | Notebooks | Tapestries | ...

----

Artist, France

Artist

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M -
N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

Paintings, List

Zeichnungen, Gemälde

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

World

Index

Hellenica World - Scientific Library