Carlo Crivelli

Carlo Crivelli ( Venice 1430? – Ascoli Piceno 1495) was an Italian Renaissance painter of conservative Late Gothic decorative sensibility,[1] who spent his early years in the Veneto, where he absorbed influences from the Vivarini, Squarcione and Mantegna. He left the Veneto by 1458 and spent most of the remainder of his career in the March of Ancona, where he developed a distinctive personal style that contrasts with that of his Venetian contemporary Giovanni Bellini.

Early life

Crivelli was born around 1430–35 in Venice to a family of painters and received his artistic formation there and in Padua. The details of Crivelli's career are still sparse:[2] He is said to have studied under Jacobello del Fiore, who was painting as late as 1436; at that time Crivelli was probably only a boy. He also studied at the school of Vivarini in Venice, then left Venice for Padua, where he is believed to have worked in the workshop of Francesco Squarcione and then, after being sentenced in 1457 to a six-month prison term for an affair with a married woman, left in 1459 for Zadar in Dalmatia (now part of Croatia, but then a Venetian territory).

Career
St Thomas Aquinas, 1476

He was master of his own shop when sent to prison for adultery in 1457. The dates he signed on the pictures that survive extend from 1468 on an altarpiece in the church of San Silvestro at Massa Fermana near Fermo to 1493 on The Dead Christ between St John, the Virgin and Mary Magdalene in Milan's Brera Gallery.

Though the artist advertised his Venetian origins with his signature, often some variation on Carolus Crivellus Venetos ("Carlo Crivelli of Venice"),[3] Crivelli seems to have worked chiefly in the March of Ancona, and especially in and near Ascoli Piceno. Only two pictures can be found today in Venice, both in the church of San Sebastiano.

He painted in tempera only, despite the increasing popularity of oil painting during his lifetime, and on panels, though some of his paintings have been transferred to canvas. His predilection for decoratively punched gilded backgrounds is one of the marks of this conservative taste, in part imposed by his patrons. Of his early polyptychs, only one, the altarpiece from Ascoli Piceno, survives in its entirety in its original frame. All the others have been disassembled and their panels and predella scenes are divided among several museums.

An amorphous band of contemporaries, imitators and followers, termed Crivelleschi, reflect to varying degrees aspects of his style.

Work
Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ, c. 1500

Unlike the naturalistic trends arising in Florence during his lifetime, Crivelli's style continues to represent the courtly International Gothic sensibility. His urban settings are jewel-like and full of elaborate allegorical detail. He favored verdant landscape backgrounds, and his works can be identified by his characteristic use of fruits and flowers as decorative motifs, often depicted in pendant festoons,[4] which are also a hallmark of the Paduan studio of Francesco Squarcione, where Crivelli may have worked.

His paintings have a linear quality identified with his Umbrian contemporaries. Crivelli is a painter of marked individuality. Unlike Giovanni Bellini, his contemporary, his works are not "soft", but clear and definite in contour with marked attention to detail. His use of "trompe l'oeil", often compared with that found in the works of Northern Renaissance painters like Rogier van der Weyden, includes raised objects, such as jewels and armor modeled in gesso on the panel.

Commissioned by the Franciscans and Dominicans of Ascoli, Crivelli's work is exclusively religious in nature. His paintings consist largely of Madonna and Child images, Pietà, and the altarpieces known as polyptychs that were increasingly unfashionable. Often filled with images of suffering, such as gaping wounds in Christ's hands and side and the mouths of mourners twisted in agony, Crivelli's work fulfills the spiritual needs of his patrons. These ultra-realistic, sometimes disturbing qualities have often led critics to label Crivelli's paintings "grotesque", much like his fellow Northern Italian painter, Cosimo Tura. His work attracted numerous prestigious commissions and must have appealed to the taste of his patrons.[4]

Carlo Crivelli died in the Marche (probably Ascoli Piceno) around 1495. Vittorio Crivelli, with whom he occasionally collaborated, was his younger brother. Pietro Alemanno, a painter who immigrated to the March of Ancona from Germany/Austria, was his pupil and collaborator. Donato Crivelli,[4] who was also a pupil of Jacobello and was working in 1459, may be of the same family as Carlo.

Reputation
'Pietà, 1493

His work fell out of favor following his death and Vasari's Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, which is notably Florentine in its outlook, does not mention him. He had something of a revival, especially in the UK, during the time of the pre-Raphaelite painters, several of whom, including Edward Burne-Jones, admired his work. His reputation faded with that movement, but recent writings on his work and a rehanging of his work in the National Gallery, London, have brought him renewed attention.

Susan Sontag in Notes on "Camp" wrote: "Camp is the paintings of Carlo Crivelli, with their real jewels and trompe-l'oeil insects and cracks in the masonry".

Works

Adoration of the Shepherds, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg
Annunciation with St Emidius, National Gallery, London, possibly his most famous painting
An Apostle, c. 1471–73, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York[5]
Beato Ferretti, 1489, National Gallery, London
Dead Christ, Vatican Gallery
Enthroned Madonna, St. Jerome and St. Sebastian, 1490
Lamentation over the Dead Christ, 1485, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston[6]
Madonna and Child, 1480, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York[7]
Madonna and Child, 1460, Verona
Madonna and Child, 1480–1486, Ancona
Madonna and Child, the church of San Giacomo Maggiore in Massignano
Madonna and Child Enthroned, 1472, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York[8]
Madonna and Saints, 1491, Berlin
Madonna of the Candle, Brera of Milan
Madonna with child and saints, Monte San Martino in Marche
Mary Magdalen, 1480, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Pietà, 1476, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York[9]
Saint Dominic, 1472, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York[10]
Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ, c. 1500
Saint George Slaying the Dragon, 1470
Saint James Major, part of an altarpiece, 1472, Brooklyn Museum
Saint Stephen from the Demidoff Altarpiece, 1476, National Gallery, London
St Thomas Aquinas, 1476, National Gallery, London
Virgin and Child with Saints Francis and Sebastian, 1491
Virgin Annunciate, 1482, Frankfurt

Another of his principal pictures is in San Francesco di Matelica.

See also

Crivelli carpet

Notes

"...a great fifteenth century artist, but one in whose paintings stylistic evolution is not the predominant interest", Ronald Lightbown has begun his monograph.
Frey's monograph of 1927 is superseded by R. W. Lightbown, Carlo Crivelli (Yale University Press) 2004, which sums up the scholarship, much of it provided over several decades by the late Federico Zeri and sets Crivelli in the cultural context of the Marche in the fifteenth century.
From 1490 he added the title Miles, by then having been knighted (Cavaliere) by Ferdinand II of Naples.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
"An Apostle". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
"Lamentation over the Dead Christ". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
"Madonna and Child". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
"Madonna and Child Enthroned". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
"Pietà". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 26 January 2016.

"Saint Dominic". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 26 January 2016.

Sources

Encyclopedia of Artists, volume 2, edited by William H.T. Vaughan, 2000, ISBN 0-19-521572-9
Italian Art, edited by Gloria Fossi, ISBN 88-09-01771-4, 2000
Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "article name needed". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

Carlo Crivelli at the Web Gallery of Art
Carlo Crivelli at the National Gallery, London
"Carlo Crivelli, The Annunciation, with Saint Emidius", The National Gallery, London,
smARThistory: Madonna and Child
Italian Paintings in the Robert Lehman Collection, plates 92-93, index