In mathematics and theoretical physics (especially twistor theory), twistor space is the complex vector space of solutions of the twistor equation \( {\displaystyle \nabla _{A'}^{(A}\Omega _{^{}}^{B)}=0} \) . It was described in the 1960s by Roger Penrose and Malcolm MacCallum.[1] According to Andrew Hodges, twistor space is useful for conceptualizing the way photons travel through space, using four complex numbers. He also posits that twistor space may aid in understanding the asymmetry of the weak nuclear force.[2]
Details
For Minkowski space, denoted \( \mathbb {M} \) , the solutions to the twistor equation are of the form
\( \Omega ^{A}(x)=\omega ^{A}-ix^{{AA'}}\pi _{{A'}} \)
where \( \omega^A \) and \( \pi_{A'} \) are two constant Weyl spinors and \( x^{AA'}=\sigma^{AA'}_\mu x^{\mu} \) is a point in Minkowski space. This twistor space is a four-dimensional complex vector space, whose points are denoted by \( Z^{\alpha}=(\omega^{A},\pi_{A'}), \) and with a hermitian form
\( \Sigma(Z)=\omega^{A}\bar\pi_{A}+\bar\omega^{A'}\pi_{A'} \)
which is invariant under the group SU(2,2) which is a quadruple cover of the conformal group C(1,3) of compactified Minkowski spacetime.
Points in Minkowski space are related to subspaces of twistor space through the incidence relation
\( \omega^{A}=ix^{AA'}\pi_{A'}. \)
This incidence relation is preserved under an overall re-scaling of the twistor, so usually one works in projective twistor space, denoted PT, which is isomorphic as a complex manifold to \( \mathbb{CP}^3. \)
Given a point \( x\in M \) it is related to a line in projective twistor space where we can see the incidence relation as giving the linear embedding of a \( \mathbb{CP}^1 \) parametrized by \( \pi_{A'}. \)
The geometric relation between projective twistor space and complexified compactified Minkowski space is the same as the relation between lines and two-planes in twistor space; more precisely, twistor space is
T := C4. It has associated to it the double fibration of flag manifolds P ←μ F ν→ M, where
projective twistor space
P := F1(T) = P3(C) = P(C4)
compactified complexified Minkowski space
M := F2(T) = G2(C4) = G2,4(C)
the correspondence space between P and M
F := F1,2(T)
In the above, P stands for projective space, G a Grassmannian, and F a flag manifold. The double fibration gives rise to two correspondences (see also Penrose transform), c := ν . μ−1 and c−1 := μ . ν−1.
M is embedded in P5 ~=~ P(Λ2T) by the Plücker embedding and the image is the Klein quadric.
Rationale
In the (translated) words of Jacques Hadamard: "the shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain." Therefore when studying R4 it might be valuable to identify it with C2. However, since there is no canonical way of doing so, instead all isomorphisms respecting orientation and metric between the two are considered. It turns out that complex projective 3-space P3(C) parametrizes such isomorphisms together with complex coordinates. Thus one complex coordinate describes the identification and the other two describe a point in R4. It turns out that vector bundles with self-dual connections on R4(instantons) correspond bijectively to holomorphic bundles on complex projective 3-space P3(C).
References
R. Penrose and M. A. H. MacCallum, Twistor theory: An approach to the quantisation of fields and space-time. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(73)90008-2
Andrew Hodges (14 May 2010). One to Nine: The Inner Life of Numbers. Doubleday Canada. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-385-67266-5.
Ward, R.S. and Wells, Raymond O. Jr., Twistor Geometry and Field Theory, Cambridge University Press (1991). ISBN 0-521-42268-X.
Huggett, S. A. and Tod, K. P., An introduction to twistor theory, Cambridge University Press (1994). ISBN 978-0-521-45689-0.
Topics of twistor theory
Objectives
Principles
Final objective
Quantum gravity Theory of everything
Mathematical concepts
Twistors
Penrose transform Twistor space
Physical concepts
Twistor string theory Twistor correspondence Twistor theory
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