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Plasma oscillations, also known as Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals in the ultraviolet region. The oscillations can be described as an instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas. The frequency only depends weakly on the wavelength of the oscillation. The quasiparticle resulting from the quantization of these oscillations is the plasmon.

Langmuir waves were discovered by American physicists Irving Langmuir and Lewi Tonks in the 1920s.[1] They are parallel in form to Jeans instability waves, which are caused by gravitational instabilities in a static medium.

Mechanism

Consider an electrically neutral plasma in equilibrium, consisting of a gas of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. If one displaces by a tiny amount an electron or a group of electrons with respect to the ions, the Coulomb force pulls the electrons back, acting as a restoring force.
'Cold' electrons

If the thermal motion of the electrons is ignored, it is possible to show that the charge density oscillates at the plasma frequency

$${\displaystyle \omega _{\mathrm {pe} }={\sqrt {\frac {n_{\mathrm {e} }e^{2}}{m^{*}\varepsilon _{0}}}},\left[\mathrm {rad/s} \right]}$$ (SI units),
$${\displaystyle \omega _{\mathrm {pe} }={\sqrt {\frac {4\pi n_{\mathrm {e} }e^{2}}{m^{*}}}},\left[\mathrm {rad/s} \right]}$$ (cgs units),

where $$n_{{\mathrm {e}}}$$ is the number density of electrons, e is the electric charge, $$m^{*}$$ is the effective mass of the electron, and $$\varepsilon _{0}$$ is the permittivity of free space. Note that the above formula is derived under the approximation that the ion mass is infinite. This is generally a good approximation, as the electrons are so much lighter than ions.
Proof using maxwell equations[note 1]
[show]

This expression must be modified in the case of electron-positron plasmas, often encountered in astrophysics.[2] Since the frequency is independent of the wavelength, these oscillations have an infinite phase velocity and zero group velocity.

Note that, when $${\displaystyle m^{*}=m_{\mathrm {e} }}$$, the plasma frequency, $$\omega _{{{\mathrm {pe}}}}$$, depends only on physical constants and electron density $$n_{{\mathrm {e}}}$$. The numeric expression for angular plasma frequency is

$${\displaystyle f_{\text{pe}}={\frac {\omega _{\text{pe}}}{2\pi }}~\left[{\text{Hz}}\right]}$$

Metals are only transparent to light with a frequency higher than the metal's plasma frequency. For typical metals such as aluminium or silver, n e {\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {e} }} n_{{\mathrm {e}}} is approximately 1023 cm−3, which brings the plasma frequency into the ultraviolet region. This is why most metals reflect visible light and appear shiny.
'Warm' electrons

When the effects of the electron thermal speed $$v_{{{\mathrm {e,th}}}}={\sqrt {{\frac {k_{{\mathrm {B}}}T_{{{\mathrm {e}}}}}{m_{{\mathrm {e}}}}}}}$$ are taken into account, the electron pressure acts as a restoring force as well as the electric field and the oscillations propagate with frequency and wavenumber related by the longitudinal Langmuir[3] wave:

$$\omega ^{2}=\omega _{{{\mathrm {pe}}}}^{2}+{\frac {3k_{{\mathrm {B}}}T_{{{\mathrm {e}}}}}{m_{{\mathrm {e}}}}}k^{2}=\omega _{{{\mathrm {pe}}}}^{2}+3k^{2}v_{{{\mathrm {e,th}}}}^{2},$$

called the Bohm–Gross dispersion relation. If the spatial scale is large compared to the Debye length, the oscillations are only weakly modified by the pressure term, but at small scales the pressure term dominates and the waves become dispersionless with a speed of $${\sqrt {3}}\cdot v_{{{\mathrm {e,th}}}}$$. For such waves, however, the electron thermal speed is comparable to the phase velocity, i.e.,

$$v\sim v_{{{\mathrm {ph}}}}\ {\stackrel {{\mathrm {def}}}{=}}\ {\frac {\omega }{k}},$$

so the plasma waves can accelerate electrons that are moving with speed nearly equal to the phase velocity of the wave. This process often leads to a form of collisionless damping, called Landau damping. Consequently, the large-k portion in the dispersion relation is difficult to observe and seldom of consequence.

In a bounded plasma, fringing electric fields can result in propagation of plasma oscillations, even when the electrons are cold.

In a metal or semiconductor, the effect of the ions' periodic potential must be taken into account. This is usually done by using the electrons' effective mass in place of m.
See also

Electron wake
List of plasma physics articles
Plasmon
Relativistic quantum chemistry
Surface plasmon resonance
Upper hybrid oscillation, in particular for a discussion of the modification to the mode at propagation angles oblique to the magnetic field
Waves in plasmas

References

Tonks, Lewi; Langmuir, Irving (1929). "Oscillations in ionized gases" (PDF). Physical Review. 33 (8): 195–210. Bibcode:1929PhRv...33..195T. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.33.195.
Fu, Ying (2011). Optical properties of nanostructures. Pan Stanford. p. 201.

*Andreev, A. A. (2000), An Introduction to Hot Laser Plasma Physics, Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-1-56072-803-0

Ashcroft & Mermin 1976, pp. 19

Further reading
Longair, Malcolm S. (1998), Galaxy Formation, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-63785-1

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