Luminous infrared galaxy

Luminous infrared galaxies or LIRGs are galaxies with luminosities, the measurement of brightness, above 1011 L☉. They are also referred to as submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) through their normal method of detection. LIRGs are more abundant than starburst galaxies, Seyfert galaxies and quasi-stellar objects at comparable luminosity. Infrared galaxies emit more energy in the infrared than at all other wavelengths combined. A LIRG's luminosity is 100 billion times that of our sun.

Galaxies with luminosities above 1012 L☉ are ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Galaxies exceeding 1013 L☉ are characterised as hyper-luminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs). Those exceeding 1014 L☉ are extremely luminous infrared galaxies (ELIRGs). Many of the LIRGs and ULIRGs are showing interactions and disruptions. Many of these types of galaxies spawn about 100 new stars a year as compared to ours which spawn one a year; this helps create the high level of luminosity.

Discovery and Characteristics

Infrared galaxies appear to be single, gas-rich spirals whose infrared luminosity is created largely by the formation of stars within them.[1] These types of galaxies were discovered in 1983 with IRAS.[2] A LIRG's excess infrared luminosity may also come from the presence of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) residing at the center.[3][4]

These galaxies emit more energy in the infrared portion of the spectrum, not visible to the naked eye. The energy given off by LIRGs is comparable to that of a quasar (a type of AGN), which formerly was known as the most energetic object in the universe.[5]

LIRGs are brighter in the infrared than in the optical spectrum because the visible light is absorbed by the high amounts of gas and dust, and the dust re-emits thermal energy in the infrared spectrum.

LIRGs are known to live in denser parts of the universe than non-LIRGs.
ULIRG
IRAS 14348-1447 is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy, located over a billion light-years away.[6]

LIRGs are also capable of becoming Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxys (ULIRGs) but there is no perfect timetable because not all LIRGs turn into ULIRGs, Newtonian mechanics is used in the calculations and because the constraints are not quite approximate. Studies have shown that ULIRGs are more likely to contain an AGN than LIRGs[7]

According to one study a ULIRG is just part of an evolutionary galaxy merger scenario. In essence, two or more spiral galaxies, galaxies that consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge, merge to form an early stage merger. An early stage merger in this case can also be identified as a LIRG. After that, it becomes a late stage merger, which is a ULIRG. It then becomes a quasar and in the final stage of the evolution it becomes an elliptical galaxy.[5] This can be evidenced by the fact that stars are much older in elliptical galaxies than those found in the earlier stages of the evolution.
HyLIRG

Hyper luminous Infrared Galaxies (HyLIRG), also referred to as HiLIRGs and HLIRGs, are considered to be some of the most luminous persistent objects in the Universe, exhibiting extremely high star formation rates, and most of which are known to harbour Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). They are defined as galaxies with luminosities above 1013 L⊙,[8] as distinct from the less luminous population of ULIRGs (L = 1012 – 1013 L⊙). HLIRGs were first identified through follow-up observations of the IRAS mission.[9][10]

IRAS F10214+4724, a HyLIRG being gravitationally lensed by a foreground elliptical galaxy,[11] was considered to be one of the most luminous objects in the Universe having an intrinsic luminosity of ~ 2 × 1013 L⊙.[12] It is believed that the bolometric luminosity of this HLIRG is likely amplified by a factor of ~30 as a result of the gravitational lensing.

The majority (~80%) of the mid-infrared spectrum of these objects is found to be dominated by AGN emission. However, the starburst (SB) activity is known to be significant in all known sources with a mean SB contribution of ~30%.[13] Star formation rates in HLIRGs have been shown to reach ~ 3×102 – 3×103 M⊙ yr−1.[14]
ELIRG

The Extremely Luminous Infrared Galaxy WISE J224607.57-052635.0, with a luminosity of 300 trillion suns was discovered by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and as of May 2015 is the most luminous galaxy found. The galaxy belongs to a new class of objects discovered by WISE, extremely luminous infrared galaxies, or ELIRGs.

Light from the WISE J224607.57-052635.0 galaxy has traveled 12.5 billion years. The black hole at its center was billions of times the mass of our sun when the universe was a tenth (1.3 billion years) of its present age of 13.8 billion years.

There are three reasons the black holes in the ELIRGs could be massive. First, the embryonic black holes might be bigger than thought possible. Second, the Eddington limit was exceeded. When a black hole feeds, gas falls in and heats, emitting light. The pressure of the emitted light forces the gas outward, creating a limit to how fast the black hole can continuously absorb matter. If a black hole broke this limit, it could theoretically increase in size at a fast rate. Black holes have previously been observed breaking this limit; the black hole in the study would have had to repeatedly break the limit to grow this large. Third, the black holes might just be bending this limit, absorbing gas faster than thought possible, if the black hole is not spinning fast. If a black hole spins slowly, it will not repel its gas absorption as much. A slow-spinning black hole can absorb more matter than a fast-spinning black hole. The massive black holes in ELIRGs could be absorbing matter for a longer time.

Twenty new ELIRGs, including the most luminous galaxy found to date, have been discovered. These galaxies were not found earlier because of their distance, and because dust converts their visible light into infrared light.[15][16] One has been observed to have three star-forming areas.[17]
Observations
IRAS

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was the first all-sky survey which used far-infrared wavelengths, in 1983. In that survey, tens of thousands of galaxies were detected, many of which would not have been recorded in previous surveys. It is now clear that the reason the number of detections has risen is that the majority of LIRGs in the universe emitted the bulk of their energy in the far infrared. Using the IRAS, scientists were able to determine the luminosity of the galactic objects discovered. The telescope was a joint project of the United States (NASA), Netherlands (NIVR), and the United Kingdom (SERC). Over 250,000 infrared sources were observed during this 10-month mission.
GOALS

The Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) is a multi-wavelength study of luminous infrared galaxies,[18] incorporating observations with NASA's Great Observatories and other ground and space-based telescopes. Using information from NASA's Spitzer, Hubble, Chandra and Galex observations in a study over 200 of the most luminous infrared selected galaxies in the local universe.[19] Approximately 180 LIRGs were identified along with over 20 ULIRGs. The LIRGs and ULIRGs targeted in GOALS span the full range of nuclear spectral types (type-1 and type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei, LINERS's, and starbursts) and interaction stages (major mergers, minor mergers, and isolated galaxies).
List

Some examples of extremely notable LIRGs, ULIRGs, HLIRGs, ELIRGs

Galaxy	Type	Constellation	RA	DEC	Notes
WISE J224607.57-052635.0	ELIRG		22^h 46^m 07.57^s	−05° 26′ 35.0″	Discovered in 2015, the most luminous galaxy known, as of 2015	^[20]
II Zw 96	LIRG				an object where a pair of galaxies are merging
NGC 6240	ULIRG	Ophiuchus			a well studied nearby infrared galaxy
Arp 220	ULIRG				the closest ULIRG, it is in the process of merging two galaxies.
FSC15307+3253	ULIRG

Image gallery

WISE J224607.57-052635.0 is the most luminous galaxy in the universe. (artist's impression).[21][22]

South America Galaxy taken by the Hubble Space Telescope[23]

2MASX J05210136-2521450.[24]

Luminous infrared galaxy NGC 5010.[25]

Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 19297-0406

Luminous infrared galaxy MCG-03-04-014[26]

References

D. B. Sanders; I. F. Mirabel (September 1996). "Luminous Infrared Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 34: 749–792. Bibcode:1996ARA&A..34..749S. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.749.
Soifer, B. T.; Rowan-Robinson, M.; Houck, J. R.; de Jong, T.; Neugebauer, G.; Aumann, H. H.; Beichman, C. A.; Boggess, N.; Clegg, P. E. (March 1984). "Infrared galaxies in the IRAS minisurvey" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 278: L71. Bibcode:1984ApJ...278L..71S. doi:10.1086/184226. ISSN 0004-637X.
B., Sanders, D.; S., Kartaltepe, J.; J., Kewley, L.; Vivian, U; T., Yuan; S., Evans, A.; L., Armus; M., Mazzarella, J. (October 2009). "Luminous Infrared Galaxies and the Starburst-AGN Connection". The Starburst-Agn Connection. 408: 3. Bibcode:2009ASPC..408....3S.
de Grijp, M. H. K.; Miley, G. K.; Lub, J.; de Jong, T. (March 1985). "Infrared Seyferts: a new population of active galaxies?". Nature. 314 (6008): 240–242. Bibcode:1985Natur.314..240D. doi:10.1038/314240a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 121448953.
"The Curious History of Luminous Infrared Galaxies". Retrieved 24 October 2013.
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Serjeant, Stephen; Farrah, Duncan; Geach, James; Takagi, Toshinobu; Verma, Aprajita; Kaviani, Ali; Fox, Matt (2003-12-21). "TheK-band Hubble diagram of submillimetre galaxies and hyperluminous galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 346 (4): L51–L56.arXiv:astro-ph/0310661. Bibcode:2003MNRAS.346L..51S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07305.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 16044339.
Rowan-Robinson, M.; Broadhurst, T.; Lawrence, A.; McMahon, R. G.; Lonsdale, C. J.; Oliver, S. J.; Taylor, A. N.; Hacking, P. B.; Conrow, T. (1991). "A high-redshift IRAS galaxy with huge luminosity—hidden quasar or protogalaxy?". Nature. 351 (6329): 719–721. Bibcode:1991Natur.351..719R. doi:10.1038/351719a0. S2CID 4333900.
Kleinmann, S. G.; Hamilton, Donald; Keel, W. C.; Wynn-Williams, C. G.; Eales, S. A.; Becklin, E. E.; Kuntz, K. D. (1988). "The properties and environment of the giant, infrared-luminous galaxy IRAS 09104 + 4109". The Astrophysical Journal. 328: 161. Bibcode:1988ApJ...328..161K. doi:10.1086/166276. hdl:1887/6544.
Broadhurst, Tom; Lehár, Joseph (1995). "A Gravitational Lens Solution for the [ITAL]IRAS[/ITAL] Galaxy FSC 10214+4724". The Astrophysical Journal. 450 (2): L41–L44.arXiv:astro-ph/9505013. Bibcode:1995ApJ...450L..41B. doi:10.1086/316774. S2CID 50462976.
Eisenhardt, Peter R.; Armus, Lee; Hogg, David W.; Soifer, B. T.; Neugebauer, G.; Werner, Michael W. (1996-04-01). "Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Luminous IRAS Source FSC 10214+4724: A Gravitationally Lensed Infrared Quasar". The Astrophysical Journal. 461: 72.arXiv:astro-ph/9510093. Bibcode:1996ApJ...461...72E. doi:10.1086/177038. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 15781541.
Ruiz, A.; Risaliti, G.; Nardini, E.; Panessa, F.; Carrera, F. J. (January 2013). "Analysis of Spitzer-IRS spectra of hyperluminous infrared galaxies". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 549: A125.arXiv:1210.3915. Bibcode:2013A&A...549A.125R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015257. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 54212380.
Rowan-Robinson, M. (2000). "Hyperluminous infrared galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 316 (4): 885–900.arXiv:astro-ph/9912286. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.316..885R. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03588.x.
Karen Northon (21 May 2015). "NASA's WISE Spacecraft Discovers Most Luminous Galaxy in Universe". nasa.gov. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 15-095. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
Tsai, Chao-Wei; Eisenhardt, Peter; Wu, Jingwen; Stern, Daniel; Assef, Roberto; Blain, Andrew; Bridge, Carrie; Benford, Dominic; Cutri, Roc (2014-10-07). "The Most Luminous Galaxies Discovered by WISE". The Astrophysical Journal. 805 (2): 90.arXiv:1410.1751. Bibcode:2015ApJ...805...90T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/90. S2CID 39280020.
Deborah Byrd (29 August 2018). "Astronomers map a starburst galaxy". earthsky.org. EarthSky Communications. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
Stierwalt, S.; Armus, L.; Surace, J. A.; Inami, H.; Petric, A. O.; Diaz-Santos, T.; Haan, S.; Charmandaris, V.; Howell, J.; Kim, D. C.; Marshall, J.; Mazzarella, J. M.; Spoon, H. W. W.; Veilleux, S.; Evans, A.; Sanders, D. B.; Appleton, P.; Bothun, G.; Bridge, C. R.; Chan, B.; Frayer, D.; Iwasawa, K.; Kewley, L. J.; Lord, S.; Madore, B. F.; Melbourne, J. E.; Murphy, E. J.; Rich, J. A.; Schulz, B.; et al. (2013). "Mid-Infrared Properties of Nearby Luminous Infrared Galaxies I: Spitzer IRS Spectra for the GOALS sample". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 206 (1): 1.arXiv:1302.4477. Bibcode:2013ApJS..206....1S. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/206/1/1. S2CID 6162900.
"GOALS". Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey. Caltech. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
"Most Luminous Galaxy in Universe Discovered". Science Daily. 21 May 2015.
Staff (21 May 2015). "WISE spacecraft discovers most luminous galaxy in universe". PhysOrg. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Staff (21 May 2015). "PIA19339: Dusty 'Sunrise' at Core of Galaxy (Artist's Concept)". NASA. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
"A very bright contortionist". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. ESA. 10 June 2013. potw1323a. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
"A tale of galactic collisions". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. ESA. 6 May 2013. potw1318a. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
"A galaxy colourfully on the wane ain't dead yet". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. ESA. 5 November 2012. potw1245a. Retrieved 12 November 2012.

"Starbursts versus Monsters". ESA / HUBBLE. ESA. 17 February 2014. potw1407a. Retrieved 12 March 2014.

External links

Nearby Extreme Galaxies Linked To Humble Roots (SpaceDaily) Jun 07, 2006
How To Bake A Galaxy (SpaceDaily) Jun 19, 2006
The Great Observatory All-sky LIRG Survey

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Galaxies
Morphology

Disc Lenticular
barred unbarred Spiral
anemic barred flocculent grand design intermediate Magellanic unbarred Dwarf galaxy
elliptical irregular spheroidal spiral Elliptical galaxy
cD Irregular
barred Peculiar Ring
Polar

Structure

Active galactic nucleus Bar Bulge Dark matter halo Disc
Disc galaxy Halo
corona Galactic center Galactic plane Galactic ridge Interstellar medium Protogalaxy Spiral arm Supermassive black hole

Active nuclei

Blazar LINER Markarian Quasar Radio
X-shaped Relativistic jet Seyfert

Energetic galaxies

Lyman-alpha emitter Luminous infrared Starburst
blue compact dwarf pea faint blue Hot dust-obscured

Low activity

Low surface brightness Ultra diffuse Dark galaxy

Interaction

Field Galactic tide Cloud Groups and clusters
group cluster Brightest cluster galaxy fossil group Interacting
merger Jellyfish Satellite Stellar stream Superclusters Walls Voids and supervoids
void galaxy

Lists

Galaxies
Galaxies named after people Largest Nearest Polar-ring Ring Spiral Groups and clusters Large quasar groups Quasars

Superclusters Voids