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In group theory, a topic in abstract algebra, the Mathieu groups are the five sporadic simple groups M11, M12, M22, M23 and M24 introduced by Mathieu (1861, 1873). They are multiply transitive permutation groups on 11, 12, 22, 23 or 24 objects. They were the first sporadic groups to be discovered.

Sometimes the notation M9, M10, M20 and M21 is used for related groups (which act on sets of 9, 10, 20, and 21 points, respectively), namely the stabilizers of points in the larger groups. While these are not sporadic simple groups, they are subgroups of the larger groups and can be used to construct the larger ones. John Conway has shown that one can also extend this sequence up, obtaining the Mathieu groupoid M13 acting on 13 points. M21 is simple, but is not a sporadic group, being isomorphic to PSL(3,4).

History

Mathieu (1861, p.271) introduced the group M12 as part of an investigation of multiply transitive permutation groups, and briefly mentioned (on page 274) the group M24, giving its order. In Mathieu (1873) he gave further details, including explicit generating sets for his groups, but it was not easy to see from his arguments that the groups generated are not just alternating groups, and for several years the existence of his groups was controversial. Miller (1898) even published a paper mistakenly claiming to prove that M24 does not exist, though shortly afterwards in (Miller 1900) he pointed out that his proof was wrong, and gave a proof that the Mathieu groups are simple. Witt (1938a, 1938b) finally removed the doubts about the existence of these groups, by constructing them as successive transitive extensions of permutation groups, as well as automorphism groups of Steiner systems.

After the Mathieu groups no new sporadic groups were found until 1965, when the group J1 was discovered.

Multiply transitive groups

Mathieu was interested in finding multiply transitive permutation groups, which will now be defined. For a natural number k, a permutation group G acting on n points is k-transitive if, given two sets of points a1, ... ak and b1, ... bk with the property that all the ai are distinct and all the bi are distinct, there is a group element g in G which maps ai to bi for each i between 1 and k. Such a group is called sharply k-transitive if the element g is unique (i.e. the action on k-tuples is regular, rather than just transitive).

M24 is 5-transitive, and M12 is sharply 5-transitive, with the other Mathieu groups (simple or not) being the subgroups corresponding to stabilizers of m points, and accordingly of lower transitivity (M23 is 4-transitive, etc.).

The only 4-transitive groups are the symmetric groups Sk for k at least 4, the alternating groups Ak for k at least 6, and the Mathieu groups M24, M23, M12 and M11. (Cameron 1999, p. 110) The full proof requires the classification of finite simple groups, but some special cases have been known for much longer.

It is a classical result of Jordan that the symmetric and alternating groups (of degree k and k + 2 respectively), and M12 and M11 are the only sharply k-transitive permutation groups for k at least 4.

Important examples of multiply transitive groups are the 2-transitive groups and the Zassenhaus groups. The Zassenhaus groups notably include the projective general linear group of a projective line over a finite field, PGL(2,Fq), which is sharply 3-transitive (see cross ratio) on q q+1 elements.
Order and transitivity table

Group Order Order (product) Factorised order Transitivity Simple Sporadic
M24 244823040 3·16·20·21·22·23·24 210·33·5·7·11·23 5-transitive yes sporadic
M23 10200960 3·16·20·21·22·23 27·32·5·7·11·23 4-transitive yes sporadic
M22 443520 3·16·20·21·22 27·32·5·7·11 3-transitive yes sporadic
M21 20160 3·16·20·21 26·32·5·7 2-transitive yes ≈ PSL3(4)
M20 960 3·16·20 26·3·5 1-transitive no ≈24:A5
M12 95040 8·9·10·11·12 26·33·5·11 sharply 5-transitive yes sporadic
M11 7920 8·9·10·11 24·32·5·11 sharply 4-transitive yes sporadic
M10 720 8·9·10 24·32·5 sharply 3-transitive almost M10' ≈ Alt6
M9 72 8·9 23·32 sharply 2-transitive no ≈ PSU3(2)
M8 8 8 23 sharply 1-transitive (regular) no ≈ Q

Constructions of the Mathieu groups

The Mathieu groups can be constructed in various ways.
Permutation groups

M12 has a simple subgroup of order 660, a maximal subgroup. That subgroup is isomorphic to the projective special linear group PSL2(F11) over the field of 11 elements. With −1 written as a and infinity as b, two standard generators are (0123456789a) and (0b)(1a)(25)(37)(48)(69). A third generator giving M12 sends an element x of F11 to 4x2 − 3x7; as a permutation that is (26a7)(3945).

This group turns out not to be isomorphic to any member of the infinite families of finite simple groups and is called sporadic. M11 is the stabilizer of a point in M12, and turns out also to be a sporadic simple group. M10, the stabilizer of two points, is not sporadic, but is an almost simple group whose commutator subgroup is the alternating group A6. It is thus related to the exceptional outer automorphism of A6. The stabilizer of 3 points is the projective special unitary group PSU(3,22), which is solvable. The stabilizer of 4 points is the quaternion group.

Likewise, M24 has a maximal simple subgroup of order 6072 isomorphic to PSL2(F23). One generator adds 1 to each element of the field (leaving the point N at infinity fixed), i. e. (0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLM)(N), and the other is the order reversing permutation, (0N)(1M)(2B)(3F)(4H)(59)(6J)(7D)(8K)(AG)(CL)(EI). A third generator giving M24 sends an element x of F23 to 4x4 − 3x15 (which sends perfect squares via $$x^4$$ and non-perfect squares via $$7 x^4)$$; computation shows that as a permutation this is (2G968)(3CDI4)(7HABM)(EJLKF).

The stabilizers of 1 and 2 points, M23 and M22 also turn out to be sporadic simple groups. The stabilizer of 3 points is simple and isomorphic to the projective special linear group PSL3(4).

These constructions were cited by Carmichael (1956, pp. 151, 164, 263). Dixon & Mortimer (1996, p.209) ascribe the permutations to Mathieu.

Automorphism groups of Steiner systems

There exists up to equivalence a unique S(5,8,24) Steiner system W24 (the Witt design). The group M24 is the automorphism group of this Steiner system; that is, the set of permutations which map every block to some other block. The subgroups M23 and M22 are defined to be the stabilizers of a single point and two points respectively.

Similarly, there exists up to equivalence a unique S(5,6,12) Steiner system W12, and the group M12 is its automorphism group. The subgroup M11 is the stabilizer of a point.

W12 can be constructed from the affine geometry on the vector space F3×F3, an S(2,3,9) system.

An alternative construction of W12 is the 'Kitten' of Curtis (1984).

An introduction to a construction of W24 via the Miracle Octad Generator of R. T. Curtis and Conway's analog for W12, the miniMOG, can be found in the book by Conway and Sloane.

Automorphism groups on the Golay code

The group M24 is the permutation automorphism group of the extended binary Golay code W, i.e., the group of permutations on the 24 coordinates that map W to itself. All the Mathieu groups can be constructed as groups of permutations on the binary Golay code.

M12 has index 2 in its automorphism group, and M12:2 happens to be isomorphic to a subgroup of M24. M12 is the stabilizer of a dodecad, a codeword of 12 1's; M12:2 stabilizes a partition into 2 complementary dodecads.

There is a natural connection between the Mathieu groups and the larger Conway groups, because the Leech lattice was constructed on the binary Golay code and in fact both lie in spaces of dimension 24. The Conway groups in turn are found in the Monster group. Robert Griess refers to the 20 sporadic groups found in the Monster as the Happy Family, and to the Mathieu groups as the first generation.

Dessins d'enfants

The Mathieu groups can be constructed via dessins d'enfants, with the dessin associated to suggestively called "Monsieur Mathieu" by le Bruyn (2007).M12

References

Cameron, Peter J. (1999), Permutation Groups, London Mathematical Society Student Texts, 45, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65378-7
Carmichael, Robert D. (1956) [1937], Introduction to the theory of groups of finite order, New York: Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-60300-1, MR 0075938
Choi, C. (May 1972a), "On Subgroups of M24. I: Stabilizers of Subsets", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 167: 1–27, doi:10.2307/1996123, JSTOR 1996123
Choi, C. (May 1972b). "On Subgroups of M24. II: the Maximal Subgroups of M24". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 167: 29–47. doi:10.2307/1996124. JSTOR 1996124.
Conway, John Horton (1971), "Three lectures on exceptional groups", in Powell, M. B.; Higman, Graham (eds.), Finite simple groups, Proceedings of an Instructional Conference organized by the London Mathematical Society (a NATO Advanced Study Institute), Oxford, September 1969., Boston, MA: Academic Press, pp. 215–247, ISBN 978-0-12-563850-0, MR 0338152 Reprinted in Conway & Sloane (1999, 267–298)
Conway, John Horton; Parker, Richard A.; Norton, Simon P.; Curtis, R. T.; Wilson, Robert A. (1985), Atlas of finite groups, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-853199-9, MR 0827219
Conway, John Horton; Sloane, Neil J. A. (1999), Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 290 (3rd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2016-7, ISBN 978-0-387-98585-5, MR 0920369
Curtis, R. T. (1976), "A new combinatorial approach to M₂₄", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 79 (1): 25–42, doi:10.1017/S0305004100052075, ISSN 0305-0041, MR 0399247
Curtis, R. T. (1977), "The maximal subgroups of M₂₄", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 81 (2): 185–192, doi:10.1017/S0305004100053251, ISSN 0305-0041, MR 0439926
Curtis, R. T. (1984), "The Steiner system S(5, 6, 12), the Mathieu group M₁₂ and the "kitten"", in Atkinson, Michael D. (ed.), Computational group theory. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society symposium held in Durham, July 30–August 9, 1982., Boston, MA: Academic Press, pp. 353–358, ISBN 978-0-12-066270-8, MR 0760669
Cuypers, Hans, The Mathieu groups and their geometries (PDF)
Dixon, John D.; Mortimer, Brian (1996), Permutation groups, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 163, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0731-3, ISBN 978-0-387-94599-6, MR 1409812
Frobenius, Ferdinand Georg (1904), Über die Charaktere der mehrfach transitiven Gruppen, Berline Berichte, Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 558–571, ISBN 978-3-11-109790-9
Gill, Nick; Hughes, Sam (2019), "The character table of a sharply 5-transitive subgroup of the alternating group of degree 12", International Journal of Group Theory, doi:10.22108/IJGT.2019.115366.1531
Griess, Robert L. Jr. (1998), Twelve sporadic groups, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03516-0, ISBN 978-3-540-62778-4, MR 1707296
Hughes, Sam (2018), Representation and Character Theory of the Small Mathieu Groups (PDF)
Mathieu, Émile (1861), "Mémoire sur l'étude des fonctions de plusieurs quantités, sur la manière de les former et sur les substitutions qui les laissent invariables", Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, 6: 241–323
Mathieu, Émile (1873), "Sur la fonction cinq fois transitive de 24 quantités", Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées (in French), 18: 25–46, JFM 05.0088.01
Miller, G. A. (1898), "On the supposed five-fold transitive function of 24 elements and 19!/48 values.", Messenger of Mathematics, 27: 187–190
Miller, G. A. (1900), "Sur plusieurs groupes simples", Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, 28: 266–267, doi:10.24033/bsmf.635
Ronan, Mark (2006), Symmetry and the Monster, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-280722-9 (an introduction for the lay reader, describing the Mathieu groups in a historical context)
Thompson, Thomas M. (1983), From error-correcting codes through sphere packings to simple groups, Carus Mathematical Monographs, 21, Mathematical Association of America, ISBN 978-0-88385-023-7, MR 0749038
Witt, Ernst (1938a), "über Steinersche Systeme", Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg, 12: 265–275, doi:10.1007/BF02948948, ISSN 0025-5858
Witt, Ernst (1938b), "Die 5-fach transitiven Gruppen von Mathieu", Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg, 12: 256–264, doi:10.1007/BF02948947

ATLAS: Mathieu group M10
ATLAS: Mathieu group M11
ATLAS: Mathieu group M12
ATLAS: Mathieu group M20
ATLAS: Mathieu group M21
ATLAS: Mathieu group M22
ATLAS: Mathieu group M23
ATLAS: Mathieu group M24
le Bruyn, Lieven (2007), Monsieur Mathieu, archived from the original on 2010-05-01
Richter, David A., How to Make the Mathieu Group M24, retrieved 2010-04-15
Mathieu group M9 on GroupNames
Scientific American A set of puzzles based on the mathematics of the Mathieu groups
Sporadic M12 An iPhone app that implements puzzles based on M12, presented as one "spin" permutation and a selectable "swap" permutation

Mathematics Encyclopedia