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In the theory of von Neumann algebras, the Kaplansky density theorem, due to Irving Kaplansky, is a fundamental approximation theorem. The importance and ubiquity of this technical tool led Gert Pedersen to comment in one of his books[1] that,

The density theorem is Kaplansky's great gift to mankind. It can be used every day, and twice on Sundays.

Formal statement

Let K− denote the strong-operator closure of a set K in B(H), the set of bounded operators on the Hilbert space H, and let (K)1 denote the intersection of K with the unit ball of B(H).

Kaplansky density theorem.[2] If A is a self-adjoint algebra of operators in B(H), then each element a {\displaystyle a} a in the unit ball of the strong-operator closure of A is in the strong-operator closure of the unit ball of A. In other words, $${\displaystyle (A)_{1}^{-}=(A^{-})_{1}}$$. If h is a self-adjoint operator in $${\displaystyle (A^{-})_{1}}$$, then h is in the strong-operator closure of the set of self-adjoint operators in $${\displaystyle (A)_{1}}$$.

The Kaplansky density theorem can be used to formulate some approximations with respect to the strong operator topology.

1) If h is a positive operator in (A−)1, then h is in the strong-operator closure of the set of self-adjoint operators in (A+)1, where A+ denotes the set of positive operators in A.

2) If A is a C*-algebra acting on the Hilbert space H and u is a unitary operator in A−, then u is in the strong-operator closure of the set of unitary operators in A.

In the density theorem and 1) above, the results also hold if one considers a ball of radius r > 0, instead of the unit ball.

Proof

The standard proof uses the fact that, a bounded continuous real-valued function f is strong-operator continuous. In other words, for a net {aα} of self adjoint operators in A, the continuous functional calculus a → f(a) satisfies,

$$\lim f(a_{{\alpha }})=f(\lim a_{{\alpha }})$$

in the strong operator topology. This shows that self-adjoint part of the unit ball in A− can be approximated strongly by self-adjoint elements in A. A matrix computation in M2(A) considering the self-adjoint operator with entries 0 on the diagonal and a and a* at the other positions, then removes the self-adjointness restriction and proves the theorem.

Jacobson density theorem

Notes

Pg. 25; Pedersen, G. K., C*-algebras and their automorphism groups, London Mathematical Society Monographs, ISBN 978-0125494502.

Theorem 5.3.5; Richard Kadison, Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras, Vol. I : Elementary Theory, American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0821808191.

References

Kadison, Richard, Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras, Vol. I : Elementary Theory, American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0821808191.
V.F.R.Jones von Neumann algebras; incomplete notes from a course.
M. Takesaki Theory of Operator Algebras I ISBN 3-540-42248-X

Functional analysis (topics – glossary)
Spaces

Hilbert space Banach space Fréchet space topological vector space

Theorems

Hahn–Banach theorem closed graph theorem uniform boundedness principle Kakutani fixed-point theorem Krein–Milman theorem min-max theorem Gelfand–Naimark theorem Banach–Alaoglu theorem

Operators

bounded operator compact operator adjoint operator unitary operator Hilbert–Schmidt operator trace class unbounded operator

Algebras

Banach algebra C*-algebra spectrum of a C*-algebra operator algebra group algebra of a locally compact group von Neumann algebra

Open problems

invariant subspace problem Mahler's conjecture

Applications

Besov space Hardy space spectral theory of ordinary differential equations heat kernel index theorem calculus of variation functional calculus integral operator Jones polynomial topological quantum field theory noncommutative geometry Riemann hypothesis

locally convex space approximation property balanced set Schwartz space weak topology barrelled space Banach–Mazur distance Tomita–Takesaki theory